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We assessed the interspecific variability in plastic ingested by albatrosses and petrels using bycaught birds from fisheries of the Southwest Atlantic. From 107 stomachs examined, 4.17 % of the albatrosses and 62.86 % of the petrels contained plastics. Macronectes halli and Ardenna gravis had 100 % of occurrence. They were followed by Procellaria conspicillata (75 %), Procellaria aequinoctialis (47.62 %), T. melanophris (4.35 %) and T. chlororhynchos (0 %). The most common groups of plastics by size, type and color, were mesoplastics (5-20 mm), user plastics and white-clear items, respectively. Larger species tend to ingest larger items with greater surfaces. Together with evidence from other studies, our results indicate that interspecific differences in the occurrence and the dimensions of plastics appear to be associated with digestive tract morphology, foraging techniques, body size, interaction with fishing vessels, and with the availability of plastics at the sea surface.

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RESUMEN Objetivo: realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre la fisiología ano-rectal, el proceso de relajación y contracción del músculo liso del tracto digestivo y posibles materias primas y formulaciones que podrían incorporarse a formulaciones erocosméticas de uso tópico en la región ano-rectal. Métodos: la revisión bibliográfica se realizó utilizando diferentes descriptores y mediante la consulta en las bases de datos ScienceDirect, PubMed, Clinical Key, Google Scholar y Google Patents. Resultados: inicialmente la revisión de la literatura permite comprender la anatomía y fisiología ano-rectal y los mecanismos que modulan la continencia anal, el tono basal del esfínter anal interno y el reflejo inhibitorio rectoanal (RAIR). Posteriormente, se obtuvo información sobre ejemplos de afrodisíacos naturales y se analizaron formulaciones cosméticas utilizadas como lubricantes anales con el fin de estudiar a profundidad los ingredientes de origen natural e identificar su utilidad, mecanismos de acción tópicos y su función dentro de la formulación. Conclusiones: el entendimiento de la fisiología ano-rectal permite el estudio y desarrollo de formulaciones cosméticas con propiedades analgésicas, anestésicas y relajantes, como los lubricantes anales. Productos naturales como la manzanilla, árnica, Aloe vera y mentol han sido estudiados para su uso cosmético y tópico como analgésicos, anestésicos o relajantes, por lo que su utilidad comprobada los hace útiles en el desarrollo de productos erocosméticos destinados para ser utilizados en la región anogenital.

SUMMARY Aim: To review the anorectal physiology, the process of relaxation and contraction of the smooth muscle of the digestive tract, and possible raw materials and formulations that could be incorporated into erocosmetic formulations for topical use in the anorectal region. Methods: The bibliographic review was carried out using different descriptors and by consulting the databases ScienceDirect, PubMed, Clinical Key, Google Scholar and, Google Patents. Results: Initially, a literature review was carried out to understand anorectal anatomy and physiology and the mechanisms that modulate anal continence, the internal anal sphincter basal tone, and the recto-anal inhibitory reflex (RAIR). Subsequently, information related to natural aphrodisiacs examples was obtained, and cosmetic formulations used as anal lubricants were analyzed to study the natural ingredients and identify their usefulness, mechanisms of action, and function in the formulation. Conclusion: Understanding anorectal physiology allows the study and development of cosmetic formulations with analgesic, anesthetic, and relaxing properties, such as anal lubricants. Natural products such as chamomile, arnica, Aloe vera, and menthol have been studied for cosmetic and topical use as analgesics, anesthetics, and relaxants, so the evidence makes them helpful in developing erocosmetic products intended to be used in the anogenital region.

RESUMO Objetivo: revisar a fisiologia anorretal, o processo de relaxamento e contração da musculatura lisa do trato digestivo e possíveis matérias-primas e formulações que possam ser incorporadas em formulações erocosméticas de uso tópico na região anorretal. Métodos: a revisão bibliográfica foi realizada utilizando diferentes descritores e consultando as bases de dados ScienceDirect, PubMed, Clinical Key, Google Scholar e, Google Patents. Resultados: inicialmente, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura para entender a anatomia e fisiologia anorretal e os mecanismos que modulam a continência anal, o tônus basal do esfíncter anal interno e o reflexo inibitório retoanal (RAIR). Posteriormente, foram obtidas informações relacionadas aos exemplos de afrodisíacos naturais e analisadas formulações cosméticas usadas como lubrificantes anais para estudar os ingredientes naturais e identificar sua utilidade, mecanismos de ação e função na formulação. Conclusão: a compreensão da fisiologia anorretal permite o estudo e o desenvolvimento de formulações cosméticas com propriedades analgésicas, anestésicas e relaxantes, como os lubrificantes anais. Produtos naturais como camomila, arnica, Aloe vera e mentol foram estudados para uso cosmético e tópico como analgésicos, anestésicos e relaxantes, de modo que as evidências os tornam úteis no desenvolvimento de produtos erocosméticos destinados ao uso na região anogenital.

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major adult-onset neurodegenerative condition with no available treatment. Compelling reports point amyloid-ß (Aß) as the main etiologic agent that triggers AD. Although there is extensive evidence of detrimental crosstalk between Aß and microglia that contributes to neuroinflammation in AD, the exact mechanism leading to neuron death remains unknown. Using postmortem human AD brain tissue, we show that Aß pathology is associated with the necroptosis effector pMLKL. Moreover, we found that the burden of Aß oligomers (Aßo) correlates with the expression of key markers of necroptosis activation. Additionally, inhibition of necroptosis by pharmacological or genetic means, reduce neurodegeneration and memory impairment triggered by Aßo in mice. Since microglial activation is emerging as a central driver for AD pathogenesis, we then tested the contribution of microglia to the mechanism of Aßo-mediated necroptosis activation in neurons. Using an in vitro model, we show that conditioned medium from Aßo-stimulated microglia elicited necroptosis in neurons through activation of TNF-α signaling, triggering extensive neurodegeneration. Notably, necroptosis inhibition provided significant neuronal protection. Together, these findings suggest that Aßo-mediated microglia stimulation in AD contributes to necroptosis activation in neurons and neurodegeneration. As necroptosis is a druggable degenerative mechanism, our findings might have important therapeutic implications to prevent the progression of AD.

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A new monotypic subgenus Newportia (Andeocryptops) subgen. n is described based on 18 specimens of N. (A.) shelleyi sp. n. This form is endemic to the Colombian Andes showing the following unique combination of morphological features: very short and thin, a cylindrical and not segmented ultimate tarsus 2, a "spinning-spur" (see below) on the ultimate tarsus 1, short paramedian sutures close to the anterior and posterior margins of cephalic plate, a tibial lateral spur and a glandular pore fields in the ultimate femur. An identification key to the Newportia subgenera, as well as a key to the Ectonocryptops, Ectonocryptoides and Andeocryptops species are included.

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Resumen Objetivo: La anemia aplásica es una enfermedad rara, potencialmente mortal sin diagnóstico y tratamiento temprano. El objetivo del estudio fue describir la epidemiología de la anemia aplásica en la población de 0 a 13 años a nivel nacional, atendida en el Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera", de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, único centro del país disponible para la atención en hematología pediátrica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo de los pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Hematología Pediátrica, con diagnóstico de anemia aplásica adquirida y las diversas formas de aplasias congénitas, en el periodo de enero 2006 a junio de 2016. Se registró el tipo de tratamiento recibido, su respuesta y la mortalidad asociada con la enfermedad, así como algunos datos epidemiológicos. Resultados: Se analizó un total de 27 casos, 23 con anemia aplásica adquirida y 4 con diversos tipos de anemias congénitas. La edad media al momento del diagnóstico fue de 81,7 meses, con una relación hombre: mujer de 1.1:1. De los 23 pacientes con anemia aplásica adquirida, 10 recibieron tratamiento con globulina antitimocito y presentaron respuesta a la globulina equina 2/5 pacientes como primera línea de tratamiento y 1 como segunda línea; con la globulina de conejo se obtuvo respuesta en 1/5 pacientes como primera línea y en 2 como segunda línea. Tres pacientes recibieron tratamiento con trasplante de médula ósea y presentaron una respuesta completa, sin evidenciar datos de enfermedad de injerto versus huésped u otras complicaciones al finalizar el estudio. No se logró demostrar diferencia significativa respecto al sexo, edad de diagnóstico, valores del hemograma, frecuencia de requerimiento de plaquetas o glóbulos rojos, grado de severidad ni mortalidad. Conclusión: Se confirmó la baja prevalencia de la anemia aplásica; la muestra obtenida durante el periodo analizado es pequeña y limita la observación de características relevantes ante referentes internacionales.

Abstract Objective: Aplastic anemia is a rare and life-threatening disease without diagnosis and early treatment. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiological characters of patients with aplastic anemia and 0-13 years old in Costa Rica, to treat in the Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr.Carlos Sáenz Herrera, CajaCostarricense de Seguro Social; only there offers Pediatric Hematology service. Methods: We performed an observational retrospective study, there including the patients diagnosed with both acquired aplastic anemia and inherited bone marrow failure syndromes from January 2006 to June 2016, regardless of sex or ethnicity. We evaluated the treatment received, the response to each treatment, and mortality associated with the disease. Results: An overall of 27 patients were included, 23 diagnosed with acquired aplastic anemia and, 4 with bone marrow failure syndrome. The mean age of diagnosis was 81.7 months, with a male to female ratio of 1.1:1. Of the 23 patients diagnosed with acquired aplastic anemia, 10 received immunosuppressive therapy with antithymocite globulin, with a response to horse globulin as a first line treatment in 2/5 patients, and 1 as a second line treatment. Patients with rabbit globulin showed to response in 1/5 cases when used as a first line treatment, and a response as a second line treatment after a no response treatment with horse globulin in 2/3 patients. Three patients treated with a matched related donor bone marrow transplant and showed complete response, without complications including graft versus host disease by the end of the study period. There was no statistical difference regarding sex, age of diagnosis, blood cell counts, frequency of blood product transfusions, degree of severity associated or, mortality. Conclusions: Our results confirm the low incidence of aplastic anemia, it's a little study population and has limited results of relevant characteristics and can´t compare with international studies.

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We report the case of a 47-year-old man with a 9-year history of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in whom we detected renal involvement, hypocomplementemia, peripheral neuropathy, acral necrotic lesions and positive cryoglobulins. The results of the diagnosis led us to conclude that the clinical picture corresponded to cryoglobulinemic vasculitis concomitant with PsA. In addition, we present a review of the literature on the presence of these two diseases in a single patient.

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Abstract The aim of the present study was to identify the predictors of early-grade reading acquisition in monolingual speakers of a transparent language. Eighty students attending preschool (M = 5 years, SD = 0.40), first grade (M = 6 years, SD = 0.59) and second grade (M = 7 years, SD = 0.55) in a public institution participated in the study. All were evaluated with the Early Grade Reading Acquisition test, an ad hoc sociodemographic questionnaire and the language domain of the Child Neuropsychological Assessment battery. Multiple regression analysis showed that phonological awareness and years of education are the factors that explain reading performance of children in their early years of school. These findings highlight the importance of improving oral skills prior to early reading acquisition and contribute to enhancing the early reading skills of monolingual children with limited socioeconomic opportunities.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar os preditores da leitura inicial de uma linguagem transparente em crianças monolíngues. Oitenta alunos pertencentes à educação infantil N3 (M = 5 anos, DE = 0.40), 1ª série (M = 6 anos, DE = 0.59) e 2ª série (M = 7 anos, DE = 0.55) do ensino fundamental participaram do estudo. As crianças foram avaliadas por meio do teste Early Grade Reading Acquisition, por um questionário sociodemográfico ad hoc e apenas pelo Domínio da Linguagem do teste Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil. A análise de regressão múltipla mostrou que a consciência fonológica e o nível de escolaridade são os fatores que explicam o desempenho na leitura em crianças nas primeiras séries. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem a importância de promover habilidades orais antes da aquisição da leitura inicial, para melhorar o aprendizado da leitura de crianças monolíngues com limitadas oportunidades socioeconômicas.

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo identificar los predictores de la lectura inicial en niños monolingües de un lenguaje transparente. Ochenta estudiantes que cursaban los grados de transición (M = 5 años, DE = 0.40), primero (M = 6 años, DE = 0.59) y segundo de primaria (M = 7 años, DE = 0.55) en una institución pública, participaron en el estudio. Todos fueron evaluados con la prueba Early Grade Reading Acquisition, un cuestionario sociodemográfico ad hoc y el dominio de Lenguaje de la batería Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil. Los análisis de regresión múltiple mostraron que la conciencia fonológica y el grado de escolaridad son los factores que explican el desempeño lector de niños de los primeros grados escolares. Estos hallazgos destacan la importancia de promover habilidades orales previas a la adquisición de la lectura inicial, para mejorar el aprendizaje lector de niños monolingües, con limitadas oportunidades socio-económicas.

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Orbital cellulitis is an infectious disease that occurs most frequently in the pediatric age. The most common underlying factor for its development is ethmoidal sinusitis. The microorganisms associated with orbital infection are S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis, whose therapeutic failure brings serious complications that include loss of vision, meningitis and intracranial infection. In the following case we want to capture the doctor's actions in this infectious pathology, the diagnoses we should rule out and antibiotic treatment. We report the case of a previously healthy 2-year-old male patient who consulted for an increase left bipalpebral volume, associated to impossibility of spontaneous opening of left eye and febrile peak of 39.4 ° C, with TAC of paranasal sinuses and orbit, where shows left medial intraorbital abscess, with preseptal compromise that determines left proptosis, deciding to start associated antibiotic therapy for orbital cellulitis with compromise preseptal. In view of the slow evolution, a study was started to rule out the associated tumor process, which is discarded, maintaining an antibiotic for 21 days with clinical improvement after these. Orbital cellulitis in the pediatric age should be diagnosed quickly and in a timely manner, since it is a medical emergency, it is a condition that requires hospitalization and management with systemic antibiotics.

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Resumen Introducción: la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) es un problema de salud pública, siendo el trastorno del metabolismo óseo mineral una de sus principales complicaciones y que contribuye directamente a la morbilidad y mortalidad. Varios estudios previos han demostrado un aumento de su prevalencia a medida que disminuye la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG), sin embargo, no contamos con datos en nuestro país ni en América Latina. Métodos: realizamos un estudio transversal unicéntrico en un servicio de consulta de nefrología, en adultos con ERC G1 a 5 que no estuvieran en terapia de reemplazo renal, evaluados entre enero de 2014 y marzo de 2015. La recolección de datos se realizó con un instrumento predefinido que incluía datos demográficos, alteraciones de los parámetros del metabolismo mineral y óseo, y su manejo. Resultados: se incluyeron 2026 pacientes, de los cuales 1756 tenían medición de hormona paratiroidea, la edad promedio fue 74 años, el 62 % eran mujeres. La distribución por grados de ERC fue: G1:4,9 %, G2:22,8 %, G3: 57,4 %, G4: 12,5 % y G5:2,4 %. Las principales causas fueron la nefropatía hipertensiva y diabética. Encontramos deficiencia de vitamina D en el 78,16 %, hiperparatiroidismo secundario en el 63,67 % e hiperfosfatemia en el 12,38 %, con aumento de la prevalencia a medida que la TFG empeoraba. Conclusiones: encontramos que las alteraciones del metabolismo mineral y óseo son frecuentes en los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica e inician desde estadios tempranos, como se ha demostrado en otros estudios. Consideramos que estos resultados llevarán a nuevas investigaciones de manejo en pacientes con ERC.

Abstract Background: chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health problem, and bone mineral metabolism disorder is one of its main complications that directly contributes to morbidity and mortality. Several previous studies have shown an increase in its prevalence as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases, however, we do not have data from our country or Latin America. Methods: We conducted a unicentric cross-sectional study in a nephrology consultation service in adults with CKD G1 to 5 who were not in renal replacement therapy, evaluated between January 2014 and March 2015. Data collection was performed with an instrument predefined that included demographic data, alterations of the mineral and bone metabolism parameters, and their management. Results: 2026 patients were included, of whom 1756 had parathyroid hormone measurement, the average age was 74 years, 62% were women. The distribution by degrees of CKD was: G1: 4.9%, G2: 22.8%, G3: 57.4%, G4: 12.5% and G5: 2.4%. The main causes were hypertensive and diabetic nephropathy. We found vitamin D deficiency in 78.16%, secondary hyperparathyroidism in 63.67% and hyperphosphatemia in 12.38%, with an increase in prevalence as GFR worsened. Conclusions: We found that mineral and bone metabolism alterations are frequent in patients with chronic kidney disease and start from early stages, as has been demonstrated in other studies. We believe that these results will lead to new management investigations in patients with CKD.

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Scolopendra arthrorhabdoides Ribaut, 1913 is redescribed based on fresh material. Its taxonomic status is evaluated and compared with Scolopendra armata Kraepelin, 1903 and Scolopendra alternans Leach, 1816. The geographical distribution of S. arthrorhabdoides is also revised. Scolopendra armata is reported from Colombia for the first time.

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El islam surgió a principios del siglo VII, al este de la península arábiga, cuando Mahoma, el profeta, tuvo revelaciones del arcángel Gabriel y, consecuentemente, propuso el nacimiento de este modo de vida basado en el sometimiento a la voluntad de Alá. Las creencias alrededor de esta religión han cruzado fronteras, debido a la migración voluntaria o forzosa de su comunidad, hecho que ha marcado una influencia sociocultural de gran magnitud en sus creyentes respecto a la muerte y, por ende, a la donación humana de órganos y tejidos para trasplante. Por este motivo, su estudio constituye un tema de gran interés para los profesionales de la salud, dado que hay percepciones que influyen directamente en la concepción de sus fieles. Se tiene en cuenta el cuerpo como un ente sagrado, símbolo de la integración del alma, materia, ego e intelecto con una resurrección que podría comprometer su integridad en el proceso de donación. Sin embargo, las grandes instituciones en materia de bioética islámica respaldan que prima la obligación moral de solidaridad universal que conlleva hacerle el bien al prójimo, siempre y cuando no se infrinja un daño al ser propio.

Islam is a religion that emerged in the seventh century in the east of the Arabian Peninsula when Mahoma, the prophet, had revelations of angel Gabriel and consecutively proposed the birth of this form of life that is based on submission before the will of Allah. Beliefs around this religion have crossed borders due to the voluntary or forced migration of their community, exercising a major socio-cultural influence on its believers regarding death and, therefore, human organ donation and tissues for transplantation. For this reason, its study is an issue of great interest to health professionals, since there are perceptions that have a direct impact on the conception of their faithful. The body is considered as a sacred entity, symbol of the integration of the soul, matter, ego and intellect with a resurrection that could jeopardize its integrity when donation is carried out. However, major institutions in Islamic Bioethics support that moral obligation of universal solidarity is more important, leading to do good to the neighbor, as long as it does not infringe any damage to one's own.

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Industrial longline fisheries cause the death of large numbers of seabirds annually. Various mitigation measures have been proposed, including the use of tori lines. In this study the efficiency of a single tori line to reduce seabird bycatch was tested on pelagic longline vessels (25-37m length). Thirteen fishing trips were carried out in the area and season of the highest bycatch rates recorded in the southwest Atlantic (2009-2011). We deployed two treatments in random order: sets with a tori line and without a tori line (control treatment). The use of a tori line significantly reduced seabird bycatch rates. Forty three and seven birds were captured in the control (0.85 birds/1,000 hooks, n = 49 sets) and in the tori line treatment (0.13 birds/1,000 hooks, n = 51 sets), respectively. In 47% of the latter sets the tori line broke either because of entanglement with the longline gear or by tension. This diminished the tori line effectiveness; five of the seven captures during sets where a tori line was deployed were following ruptures. Nine additional trips were conducted with a tori line that was modified to reduce entanglements (2012-2016). Seven entanglements were recorded in 73 longline sets. The chance of a rupture on these trips was 4% (95% c.l. = 1-18%) of that during 2009-2011. This work shows that the use of a tori line reduces seabird bycatch in pelagic longline fisheries and is a practice suitable for medium size vessels (~25-40m length). Because the study area has historically very high bycatch rates at global level, this tori line design is potentially useful to reduce seabird bycatch in many medium size pelagic longline vessel fishing in the southern hemisphere.

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J.V. es una paciente de 11 años, diagnosticada con VIH por transmisión vertical, quien presenta alteraciones en su neurodesarrollo y problemas de aprendizaje causados por el virus. En la preevaluación neuropsicológica, tras realizar un análisis sindrómico, se encontró que el proceso psicológico más afectado es la memoria, tanto a nivel de la retención audioverbal como la visual. De manera secundaria se encontró debilitado el mecanismo de regulación y control. Por ello, se diseñó y aplicó un programa neuropsicológico bajo la perspectiva histórico cultural buscando prioritariamente rehabilitar su memoria audioverbal y visual, y de manera secundaria la regulación y el control. La intervención constó de 32 sesiones, realizadas 4 veces por semana, cada una de 45 minutos. La evaluación final mostró cambios en la memoria de J.V., logrando mayor número de palabras e imágenes evocadas espontáneamente, además de mayores niveles de regulación en las actividades. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que es posible intervenir positivamente la memoria en niños diagnosticados con VIH. Este reporte de caso proporciona evidencia de la importancia de establecer una relación coherente entre un modelo teórico (histórico-cultural) y la práctica clínica neuropsicológica.

J.V. is an 11 years old female patient diagnosed with HIV, since she was born, and who shows neurodevelopmental and learning disabilities caused by the virus. The results of her last neuropsychological assessment highlighted that memory was one of the most weakened psychological processes. A program to rehabilitate J.V. audio-verbal and visual memory was designed. The program lasted 32 sessions, 4 times per week, each one of 45 minutes long. The post-intervention assessment showed changes in the memory of J.V., achieving greater number of words and images spontaneously evoked. Also, the girl achieved greater levels of self-regulation in this type of tasks. The results suggest the possibility of improving memory performance of children diagnosed with HIV. This report evidences the relevance of establishing a coherent relationship between the theoretical model (historical-cultural) and the neuropsychological clinical practice.

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This study presents an updated list of centipedes of the orders Scutigeromorpha and Scolopendromorpha from Colombia based on data from the literature, the World Catalogue of Centipedes (CHILOBASE), and specimens examined in museum collections. Four families, nine genera, 37 species and four subspecies are listed. One species belongs to Scutigeromorpha, and 36 species and four subspecies to Scolopendromorpha. Eleven species and four subspecies of scolopendromorphs are recorded for the first time from Colombia. Newportia Gervais, 1847 is the most diverse genus with 12 species and three subspecies. Six species of Scolopendromorpha are endemic. Three species-Otostigmus inermis Porat, 1876, O. scabricauda (Humbert & Saussure, 1870) and Cryptops iheringi Brölemann, 1902-are deleted from the fauna of Colombia. The Andean Región in Colombia has the most records of Scutigeromorpha and Scolopendromorpha. Maps showing the geographical distribution are given for the orders, genera, and some species.

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