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Objetivos: Establecer la prevalencia de Plasmodium en la población de Phoenicopterus ruber mantenidos bajo cuidado humano en el Centro de Conservación Zoofari, Morelos, México. Configuración y Diseño: Se han presentado reportes de vectores de malaria aviar pertenecientes a la familia Culicidae en estado de Morelos, México. La malaria aviar puede afectar diversas especies de aves incluyendo Phoenicopteriformes (Phoeniconaias minor, Phoenicopterus chilensis) la población de interés podría ser portadora subclínica de Plasmodium. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio exploratorio en el total de la población de Phoenicopterus ruber. En la investigación se implementaron dos técnicas de diagnóstico de hemoparásitos, la primera corresponde a análisis de frotis sanguíneos teñidos con una tinción rápida tipo Romanowsky los cuales fueron evaluados mediante microscopía óptica convencional y la segunda concierne la realización de la PCR utilizando iniciadores para amplificar ADN mitocondrial de tres especies de hemoparásitos (Haemoproteus, Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon). Análisis Estadístico utilizado. los resultados negativos del estudio no permiten realizar análisis estadístico. Resultados: En la evaluación mediante microscopía convencional no se evidenció en ningún frotis sanguíneo, presencia de merogonias o gránulos de hemozoína, obteniendo una totalidad de 80 muestras negativas. Las PCR realizadas bajo las condiciones utilizadas no demostraron amplificación exitosa de ADN parasitario. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio corresponde al primero de este tipo en la región. Después de implementar dos técnicas diferentes de diagnóstico para malaria aviar no se obtiene evidencia de la presencia de hemoparásitos en la población de Phoenicopterus ruber. Este tipo de investigaciones permite entender la dinámica e identificar enfermedades emergentes que puedan afectar a los animales y al hombre en una determinada región geográfica.(AU)

Aims: The goal of the current study was to determine the prevalence of Plasmodium in the population of Phoenicopterus ruber kept under human care at Zoofari Conservation Center, Morelos, Mexico. Settings and Design: Avian malaria vectors belonging to the family Culicidae has been reported at different Mexican States. Malaria infections compromise different host ranges including Phoenicopteriformes (Phoeniconaias minor, Phoenicopterus chilensis). The singled population housed in Zoofari, Conservation Center may harbor subclinical malaria (Plasmodium) infections. Methods and Material: A descriptive cross- sectional study in a singled population of American flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber). We compared and contrasted two diagnostic techniques, microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for avian haemosporidia. In this study 80 blood smears stained in a Romanowsky stain were examined by microscopy, also molecular analysis were conducted, PCR was performed with the use of primers that amplifies parasite mtDNA from species of Haemoproteus, Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon. Results: A total of 80 Phoenicopterus ruber birds were examined for malarial parasites using both microscopy and PCR diagnostic methods, none of them were positives. Conclusions: Our study corresponds to the first of its kind in the region. After implementing two different diagnostic methods for avian malaria, no evidence was obtained of the presence of hemoparasites in the Phoenicopterus ruber population. This type of research allows us to understand the dynamics and identify emerging diseases that can affect animals and man in a certain geographic region.(AU)

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A murine model was used to study the histopathological aspects and cytokine expression levels in skeletal muscle provoked by the infection with Mexican TcI strains. BALB/c mice were inoculated with the virulent Querétaro strain and the nonvirulent Ninoa strain. Parasite numbers were counted in blood and skeletal muscle at different times post-infection, and real time-PCR expression levels of the cytokines IL-12, IL-4, IL-10, IFN- γ , and TNF- α were evaluated. In the acute phase of infection, a high parasitic load, both in blood and skeletal muscle, was detected. The histopathological analyses showed an exacerbated inflammation and granulomatous-like infiltrate with the Querétaro strain. Interestingly, extensive calcification areas were observed in the skeletal muscle surrounded by inflammatory infiltrates. TNF- α and IL-10 expression exhibited a significant increase at the peak of infection. In summary, Querétaro strain, a Mexican TcI strain, is virulent enough to induce high inflammation and calcification in skeletal muscle of the hind limbs, which could be related to high expression levels of TNF- α .

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An 84 base pair sequence of the Streptococcus mutans virulence factor, known as dextranase, has been obtained from 10 individuals from the Bronze Age to the Modern Era in Europe and from before and after the colonization in America. Modern samples show four polymorphic sites that have not been found in the ancient samples studied so far. The nucleotide and haplotype diversity of this region have increased over time, which could be reflecting the footprint of a population expansion. While this segment has apparently evolved according to neutral evolution, we have been able to detect one site that is under positive selection pressure both in present and past populations. This study is a first step to study the evolution of this microorganism, analysed using direct evidence obtained from ancient remains.

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