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Objective:To investigate the effects of sodium butyrate(NaB)on pathological processes such as autophagy and inflammation in an Alzheimer's disease(AD)model and related mechanisms.Methods:Aβ 25-35's action on PC12 cells was used to establish an in vitro AD model, in which microglial BV2 were treated with NaB.Based on treatments, there were a PC12 cells group, a PC12 cells+ Aβ 25-35 group, a PC12 cells+ Aβ 25-35+ NaB group, a BV2 cells group, a BV2 cells+ Aβ 25-35 group, and a BV2 cells+ Aβ 25-35+ NaB group.The expression of markers of the autophagy pathway and inflammatory proteins was evaluated by Western blot, immunofluorescence and EdU staining.Results:NaB was able to promote cell proliferation in the AD model and reduce the level of Tau protein hyperphosphorylation.NaB also inhibited the inflammatory response of microglia and reduce the expression of inflammatory response marker NLRP3(148.313±0.973 vs.113.291±1.218, t=38.91, P<0.001). At the same time, NaB promoted the expression of autophagy pathway proteins(including Beclin-1, LAMP-1 and LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ)in microglia. Conclusions:NaB can mitigate pathological changes in an AD model by promoting autophagy and reducing the inflammatory response.
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Traditional chemotherapy exhibits a certain therapeutic effect toward malignant cancer, but easily induce tumor multidrug resistance (MDR), thereby resulting in the progress of tumor recurrence or metastasis. In this work, we deigned ternary hybrid nanodrugs (PEI/DOX@CXB-NPs) to simultaneously combat against tumor MDR and metastasis.
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The different concentration of specific ion species and the electrodiffusion of the ions down their electrochemical gradient generate transmembrane potential. The regulation of membrane potential for the function of numerous membrane proteins such as ion channels, transporters, pumps and enzymes plays primary role in the conversion of extracellular electric stimulation into a sequence of intracellular biochemical signals. Some ion channels regulated by membrane potential are well known, and the membrane non-ion channels protein is also modulated physiologically by membrane potential.