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OBJECTIVES: CXC chemokine receptor 7 (CXCR7) plays pivotal roles in different virus infections. However, no research focused on the role of CXCR7 in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients. The primary aim of this study is to elucidate the role of CXCR7 in predicting the treatment response of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients undergoing pegylated interferon-alpha (PegIFNα) therapy. METHODS: Two cohorts with a total of 945 Chinese CHB patients (Cohort 1, n = 238; Cohort 2, n = 707) were enrolled in this retrospective study, all the patients were positive for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and received PegIFNα treatment for 48 weeks and followed-up for 24 weeks post-treatment. Nineteen tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected within and surrounding the CXCR7 gene region. The associations of CXCR7 SNPs and polygenic score (PGS) with PegIFNα treatment response were investigated in the two cohorts. RESULTS: Among the 19 candidate SNPs of CXCR7, rs2952665 (A > G) was significantly associated with combined response (CR, defined as HBeAg seroconversion and HBV DNA level <3.3log10IU/mL, P = 0.002) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) decline (P = 0.015) in the two cohorts at week 72. Furthermore, a PGS comprising CXCR7_rs2952665 and five additional SNPs, which were previously recognized as biomarkers of PegIFNα treatment response, demonstrated a robust correlation with both CR (P = 1.38 × 10-12) and HBsAg decline (P = 0.003) in all the patients. CONCLUSION: This research illustrated that CXCR7_rs2952665 is a promising predictor of the PegIFNα therapy efficiency in Chinese HBeAg-positive CHB patients. A PGS consisting of CXCR7_rs2952665 and five previously reported SNPs predicts treatment response to PegIFNα better.

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BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor with poor prognosis. Pyroptosis, a type of programmed cell death, regulates tumor cell development. However, the role of pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs) in HCC and their association with prognosis are unclear. METHODS: We conducted bioinformatics analysis to identify PRGs in The Cancer Genome Atlas-Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC) patients. Consensus clustering classified patients into different subtypes. We used LASSO regression to established a pyroptosis subtype-related score (PSRS) related to prognosis. OncoPredict identified potential pharmaceuticals based on PSRS. RESULTS: We found 20 HCC-related PRGs in 335 TCGA-LIHC patients. Consensus clustering classified patients into two subtypes. Subtype I had better overall survival and higher response to anti-PD1 treatment. The prognostic model involving 20 genes predicted poorer prognosis for high-PSRS group. The model was validated in two external cohorts. OncoPredict identified 65 potential pharmaceuticals based on PSRS. CONCLUSION: Our investigation revealed a correlation between pyroptosis and HCC. We established PSRS as independent risk factors for predicting prognosis. The study paves the way for using PRGs as prognostic biomarkers and exploring personalized therapy for HCC.

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Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and is prevalent in East Asia. Although genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of HCC have identified 23 risk regions, the susceptibility genes underlying these associations largely remain unclear. To identify novel candidate genes for HCC, we conducted liver single-tissue and cross-tissue transcriptome-wide association studies (TWASs) in two populations of East Asia. Methods: GWAS summary statistics of 2,514 subjects (1,161 HCC cases and 1,353 controls) from the Chinese Qidong cohort and 161,323 subjects (2,122 HCC cases and 159,201 controls) from the BioBank Japan project were used to conduct TWAS analysis. The single-tissue and cross-tissue TWAS approaches were both used to detect the association between susceptible genes and the risk of HCC. TWAS identified genes were further annotated by Metascape, UALCAN, GEPIA2, and DepMap. Results: We identified 22 novel genes at 16 independent loci significantly associated with HCC risk after Bonferroni correction. Of these, 13 genes were located in novel regions. Besides, we found 83 genes overlapped in the Chinese and Japanese cohorts with P < 0.05, of which, three genes (NUAK2, HLA-DQA1, and ATP6V1G2) were discerned by both single-tissue and cross-tissue TWAS approaches. Among the genes identified through TWAS, a significant proportion of them exhibit a credible role in HCC biology, such as FAM96B, HSPA5, POLRMT, MPHOSPH10, and RABL2A. HLA-DQA1, NUAK2, and HSPA5 associated with the process of carcinogenesis in HCC as previously reported. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the value of leveraging the gene expression data to identify new candidate genes beyond the GWAS associations and could further provide a genetic insight for the biology of HCC.

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Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) plays a vital role in immunoregulation during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. This study aimed to screen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CXCR4 for predicting pegylated interferon-alpha (PegIFNα) therapy response in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. This retrospective cohort study enrolled a total of 945 CHB patients in two cohorts (Cohort 1, n = 238; Cohort 2, n = 707), and all the patients were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive and treated with PegIFNα for 48 weeks and followed up for 24 weeks. Twenty-two tag SNPs were selected in CXCR4 and its flanking region. A polygenic score (PGS) was utilized to evaluate the cumulative effect of multiple SNPs. The relationships between CXCR4 SNPs and PGS and PegIFNα treatment response were explored in the two cohorts. Among the 22 candidate SNPs of CXCR4, rs28367495 (T > C) was significantly linked to PegIFNα treatment response in both cohorts. In patients with more number of rs28367495 C allele, a higher rate of combined response (CR, defined as HBeAg seroconversion and HBV DNA level < 3.3 log10 IU/mL; P = 1.51 × 10-4), a lower mean hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) level (P = 4.76 × 10-4), and a higher mean HBsAg decline (P = 3.88 × 10-4) at Week 72 were achieved. Moreover, a PGS integrating CXCR4_rs28367495 and five previously reported SNPs was strongly correlated with CR (P = 1.26 × 10-13), HBsAg level (P = 4.90 × 10-4), and HBsAg decline (P = 0.005) in all the patients of the two cohorts. CXCR4_rs28367495 is a promising indicator for predicting the responsiveness to PegIFNα treatment for HBeAg-positive CHB patients. The new PGS may further improve the prediction performance.

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We previously reported that an interferon (IFN)-inducible protein, BST2, was regulated by the JAK-STAT pathway activated by CD40, and subsequently suppressing hepatitis B virus (HBV) repliaction and transcription. The current research attempted to assess the impact of BST2 on the IFN-treated anti-HBV effect, and explore BST2 variants for predicting pegylated IFN alpha (PegIFNα) therapy response of patients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Using an HBV-transfected cell model, the function of BST2 on HBV DNA replication and transcription driven by IFN was studied. The potentially functional BST2 variants were selected through a strategy of gene-wide screening. The associations of BST2 variants and polygenic score (PGS) model, which was used to quantify the combined influence of several genetic variants, with treatment response were examined in 2 separate PegIFNα-treated cohorts of 238 and 707 patients with CHB, respectively. We found that overexpression of BST2 improved the anti-HBV activity triggered by IFN-α. Among PegIFNα-treated patients with CHB, BST2_rs9576 was screened out to be significantly correlated with combined response (CR; i.e., HBeAg seroconversion along with HBV DNA level <3.3log10 IU/mL, P = 7.12 × 10-5 ). Additionally, there was a strong correlation between the PGS incorporating BST2_rs9576 and other 5 genetic variations (previously described predictors of therapy response to PegIFNα) and CR (P = 1.81 × 10-13 ), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) level (P = 0.004), as well as HBsAg decline (P = 0.017). In conclusion, higher BST2 expression responded better to IFN-α treatment. BST2_rs9576 is an effective indicator to forecast therapy response of PegIFNα-treated patients with CHB. The PGS possesses the potential to boost the ability of PegIFNα therapy response.

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TRIM16 has been identified as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to investigate whether there are genetic variants in TRIM16 influencing HCC risk and/or prognosis and explore the mechanisms. We performed a gene-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mining in TRIM16. The associations of SNPs with both HCC risk and prognosis were assessed through two independent cohorts respectively. Functional experiments were performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms. A missense variant rs2074890 (G > T, resulting in an amino acid substitution from glutamate to aspartate at code 121, E121D) of TRIM16 was found to be associated with both HCC risk (odds ratio = 0.806, p = 0.023) and prognosis (hazard ratio = 0.44, p = 0.034). Compared to the rs2074890 G allele (corresponding to TRIM16121E ) homozygote carriers, the rs2074890 T allele (corresponding to TRIM16121D ) carriers showed lower HCC risk and better overall survival. Mechanistically, TRIM16121D has stronger ability to inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells. Furthermore, TRIM16121D could bind to ß-catenin better and mediate K48-linked ubiquitination to degrade ß-catenin, which leads to inhibition of Wnt/ß-catenin pathway. In conclusion, TRIM16 E121D variant impacts both risk and prognosis of HCC via regulation of Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, which may lead to better understanding the pathogenesis of HCC.

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As a key immune cytokine, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) has been reported to play critical roles in immune control of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We aimed to screen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CXCL13 for predicting response to pegylated interferon-alpha (PegIFNα) therapy of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Two independent cohorts with a total of 945 (Cohort 1, n = 238; Cohort 2, n = 707) hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive CHB patients treated with PegIFNα were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. Eight candidate SNPs were selected through gene-wide SNP mining within or flanking CXCL13. A polygenic score (PGS) was utilized to assess the cumulative effects of multiple SNPs. The associations of candidate SNPs and PGS with combined response (CR, defined as the combination of HBeAg seroconversion and HBV DNA level <3.3log10 IU/mL) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) level were evaluated. Among the eight candidate SNPs, rs76084459 which is located at upstream of CXCL13 was significantly associated with both CR (p = 0.002) and HBsAg level (p = 0.015). A PGS integrating CXCL13_rs76084459 and five other SNPs, which were previously identified as predictors of PegIFNα treatment response, was further strongly correlated with CR (p = 1.759 × 10-10 ) and HBsAg level (p = 0.004). This study demonstrated that CXCL13_rs76084459 can predict response to PegIFNα treatment of HBeAg-positive CHB patients. A PGS composed of six SNPs including CXCL13_rs76084459 predicts PegIFNα treatment response better.

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Background: The tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is complicated. Tumor-infiltrating T and B cells play a pivotal role in anti-tumor immunity. T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR) features may reflect the disease-associated antigen response. Methods: By combining bulk TCR/BCR-sequencing, RNA-sequencing, whole exome-sequencing, and human leukocyte antigen-sequencing, we examined the immune repertoire (IR) features of tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues obtained from 64 HCC patients. Results: High IR heterogeneity with weak similarity was discovered between tumor and non-tumor tissues. Higher BCR diversity, richness, and somatic hypermutation (SHM) were found in non-tumor tissues, while TCRα and TCRß diversity and richness were comparable or higher in tumor. Additionally, lower immune infiltration was found in tumor than non-tumor tissues; the microenvironment in tumor appeared to keep stably inhibited and changed slightly with tumor progression. Moreover, BCR SHM was stronger, whereas TCR/BCR diversity declined with HCC progression. Importantly, we found that higher IR evenness in tumor and lower TCR richness in non-tumor tissues indicated better survival in HCC patients. Collectively, the results revealed that TCR and BCR exhibited distinct features in tumor and non-tumor tissues. Conclusions: We demonstrated that IR features vary between different tissues of HCC. IR features may represent a biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC patients, providing references for subsequent immunotherapy research and strategy selection.

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BACKGROUND AND AIM: Long-term maintenance of viral control, even HBsAg loss, remains a challenge for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients undergoing nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) discontinuation. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between HBV-specific T-cell responses targeting peptides spanning the whole proteome and clinical outcomes in CHB patients after NA discontinuation. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Eighty-eight CHB patients undergoing NA discontinuation were classified as responders (remained relapse-free up to 96 weeks) or relapsers (relapsed patients who underwent NA retreatment for up to 48 weeks and reachieved stable viral control). HBV-specific T-cell responses were detected at baseline and longitudinally throughout the follow-up. We found responders had a greater magnitude of HBV polymerase (Pol)-specific T-cell responses than relapsers at baseline. After long-term NA discontinuation, simultaneously enhanced HBV Core-induced and Pol-induced responses were observed in responders. Particularly, responders with HBsAg loss possessed enhanced HBV Envelope (Env)-induced responses after short-term and long-term follow-up. Notably, CD4 + T cells accounted for the predominance of HBV-specific T-cell responses. Correspondingly, CD4-deficient mice showed attenuated HBV-specific CD8 + T-cell responses, reduced HBsAb-producing B cells, and delayed HBsAg loss; in contrast, in vitro addition of CD4 + T cells promoted HBsAb production by B cells. Besides, IL-9, rather than PD-1 blockade, enhanced HBV Pol-specific CD4 + T-cell responses. CONCLUSION: HBV-specific CD4 + T-cell responses induced by the targeted peptide possess specificities for long-term viral control and HBsAg loss in CHB patients undergoing NA discontinuation, indicating that CD4 + T cells specific to distinct HBV antigens may endow with divergent antiviral potential.

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BACKGROUND: Alpha kinase 1 (ALPK1) agonist has recently been reported to demonstrate anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) efficacy via activating NF-κB signaling, which is crucial for maximizing interferon (IFN) responses. Here, we investigated the impact of ALPK1 on HBV replication and explored ALPK1 variants for predicting the response to pegylated IFN-α (PegIFN-α) treatment. METHODS: The potential anti-HBV effect of ALPK1 was evaluated in HBV-integrated and HBV-infected hepatoma cells. The potentially functional genetic variants of ALPK1 were screened out, and their correlations with PegIFN-α treatment response were assessed in 945 hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). RESULTS: We revealed that ALPK1 inhibited HBV replication in hepatocytes via activating the JAK-STAT pathway. ALPK1 overexpression improved the anti-HBV effect of IFN-α in cell models. A missense variant, rs35389530 (P660L), of ALPK1 was strongly associated with combined response (CR; namely, HBeAg seroconversion and HBV DNA level <3.3log10 IU/mL) to PegIFN-α treatment in patients with CHB (P = 2.12 × 10-6). Moreover, a polygenic score integrating ALPK1_rs35389530 and 2 additional genetic variants was further significantly associated with CR (Ptrend = 9.28 × 10-7), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) level (Ptrend = .0002), and HBsAg loss (Ptrend = .025). CONCLUSIONS: The anti-HBV effects of ALPK1 through activating JAK-STAT pathway provides a new perspective for CHB therapy. ALPK1_rs35389530 and polygenic score are potential biomarkers to predict PegIFN-α treatment response and may be used for optimizing CHB treatment.

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Background and Aims: Only a small percentage of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients effectively respond to treatment with pegylated-interferon alpha (PegIFNα) or nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs). We aimed to detect the correlations of complement regulators-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with treatment response of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive CHB patients. Methods: A total of 1,763 HBeAg-positive CHB patients were enrolled, 894 received PegIFNα for at least 48 weeks and were followed up for 24 weeks, and 869 received NUCs for 104 weeks. For each patient, nine SNPs in genes encoding for complement regulators were determined and genotyped. To assess the cumulative effect of numerous SNPs, a polygenic score (PGS) was utilized. The correlations of SNPs and PGS with the levels of combined response (CR) and hepatitis B s antigen (HBsAg) loss were also investigated. Results: In PegIFNα-treated patients, an intronic SNP of CD55, rs28371597, was strongly related to CR, and the CR rate in rs28371597_GG genotype carriers was only approximately half that of rs28371597_GT/TT genotype carriers (20.29% vs. 37.10%, p=2.00 × 10-3). A PGS incorporating CD55_rs28371597 and two additional SNPs, CFB_rs12614 and STAT4_rs7574865, which had been considered as predictors for PegIFNα treatment response before, was strongly correlated with the levels of CR (p-trend=7.94×10-6) and HBsAg loss (p-trend=9.40×10-3) in PegIFNα-treated patients. In NUCs-treated individuals, however, none of the nine SNPs were shown to be significantly linked to CHB treatment response. Conclusions: CD55_rs28371597 is a promising biomarker for predicting CHB patients' responsiveness to PegIFNα therapy. The updated PGS may be used for optimizing CHB treatment.

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More than 250 million people in the world are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), which causes serious complications. Host genetic susceptibility is essential for chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and our previous genome-wide association study identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs1883832, in the 5' untranslated region of CD40 predisposing to chronic HBV infection, but the underlying mechanism remains undefined. This study aimed to investigate whether rs1883832 was the real functional SNP (fSNP) of CD40 and how it modulated HBV clearance in hepatocytes. We determined the fSNP of CD40 and its regulatory protein(s) using luciferase reporter assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, flanking restriction enhanced pulldown and chromatin immunoprecipitation. The potential anti-HBV activity of CD40 and its downstream molecule BST2 was assessed in HBV-transfected and HBV-infected hepatoma cells and HBV-infected primary human hepatocytes. Moreover, the mechanism of CD40 was investigated by mRNA sequencing, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence and western blot. We revealed rs1883832 as the true fSNP of CD40 and identified ANXA2 as a negative regulatory protein that preferentially bound to the risk allele T of rs1883832 and hence reduced CD40 expression. Furthermore, CD40 suppressed HBV replication and transcription in hepatocytes via activating the JAK-STAT pathway. BST2 was identified to be the key IFN-stimulated gene regulated by CD40 after activating JAK-STAT pathway. Inhibition of JAK/STAT/BST2 axis attenuated CD40-induced antiviral effect. In conclusion, a functional variant of CD40 modulates HBV clearance via regulation of the ANXA2/CD40/BST2 axis, which may shed new light on HBV personalized therapy.

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BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious global health burden. TRIM26 has been reported to affect hepatitis C virus replication. AIMS: To manifest the role of TRIM26 on HBV replication and explore if there are single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TRIM26 associated with response to pegylated interferon-alpha (PegIFNα) treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). METHODS: We investigated the effect and mechanism of TRIM26 on HBV replication in vitro. The association between SNPs in TRIM26 and PegIFNα treatment response was evaluated in two independent cohorts including 238 and 707 patients with HBeAg-positive CHB. RESULTS: Knockdown of TRIM26 increased, while overexpression of TRIM26 inhibited, HBV replication. Co-immunoprecipitation assays and immunofluorescence showed that TRIM26 interacted and co-localised with HBx. Co-transfection of HBx-HIS and TRIM26-FLAG plasmids in Huh7 cells showed that TRIM26 inhibited the expression of HBx. Furthermore, TRIM26 inhibited HBV replication by mediating HBx ubiquitination degradation, and TRIM26 SPRY domain was responsible for the interaction and degradation of HBx. Besides, IFN increased TRIM26 expression. TRIM26 rs116806878 was associated with response to PegIFNα in two CHB cohorts. Moreover, a polygenic score integrating TRIM26 rs116806878, STAT4 rs7574865 and CFB rs12614 (previously reported to be associated with response to PegIFNα) was related to response to PegIFNα in CHB. CONCLUSIONS: TRIM26 inhibits HBV replication; IFN promotes TRIM26 expression. TRIM26 exerts an inhibitory effect on HBx by promoting ubiquitin-mediated degradation of HBx. Furthermore, TRIM26 rs116806878 is a potential predictive biomarker of response to PegIFNα in patients with CHB.

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Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) is closely related to liver diseases and affects the processes of inflammation and carcinogenesis by regulating immune responses. A single-nucleotide polymorphism rs7574865 (T > G) in STAT4 has been reported to be associated with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In addition, hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutations are crucial risk factors for HBV-induced HCC. However, the effects of the interactions of STAT4 rs7574865 with HBV mutations on the risk of HCC remain unknown. Rs7574865 was genotyped in 846 healthy controls (HCs), 968 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) subjects, 316 liver cirrhosis (LC) subjects and 1021 HCC subjects using Sequenom MassArray. HBV mutations were detected via direct sequencing. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the effects of the interactions of STAT4 rs7574865 with HBV mutations on the risk of HCC. We found that the rs7574865 TT genotype was significantly associated with HBeAg seroconversion (TT vs. GG, p = 0.012; TT vs. GT, p = 0.033). The rs7574865 GG genotype was significantly associated with increased risks of CHB (p = 0.048), LC (p = 0.005) and HCC (p < 0.001). The interaction term between rs7574865 and HBV C1913A significantly increased the risk of progression from CHB to HCC (p = 0.038), while the interaction term between rs7574865 and HBV T1674C significantly increased the risk of progression from LC to HCC (p = 0.023). STAT4 rs7574865 is significantly associated with the risks of CHB, LC and HCC. The interactions of rs7574865 with HBV C1913A and T1674C mutations significantly increase the risk of HCC, which have the potential to identify HBV-infected individuals who tend to progress from CHB or LC to HCC.

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Most cancer causal variants are found in gene regulatory elements, e.g., enhancers. However, enhancer variants predisposing to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unreported. Here we conduct a genome-wide survey of HCC-susceptible enhancer variants through a three-stage association study in 11,958 individuals and identify rs73613962 (T > G) within the intronic region of PRMT7 at 16q22.1 as a susceptibility locus of HCC (OR = 1.41, P = 6.02 × 10-10). An enhancer dual-luciferase assay indicates that the rs73613962-harboring region has allele-specific enhancer activity. CRISPR-Cas9/dCas9 experiments further support the enhancer activity of this region to regulate PRMT7 expression. Mechanistically, transcription factor HNF4A binds to this enhancer region, with preference to the risk allele G, to promote PRMT7 expression. PRMT7 upregulation contributes to in vitro, in vivo, and clinical HCC-associated phenotypes, possibly by affecting the p53 signaling pathway. This concept of HCC pathogenesis may open a promising window for HCC prevention/treatment.

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Cancer stemness has been reported to drive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumorigenesis and treatment resistance. In this study, five HCC cohorts with 1059 patients were collected to calculate transcriptional stemness indexes (mRNAsi) by the one-class logistic regression machine learning algorithm. In the TCGA-LIHC cohort, we found mRNAsi was an independent prognostic factor, and 626 mRNAsi-related genes were identified by Spearman correlation analysis. The HCC stemness risk model (HSRM) was trained in the TCGA-LIHC cohort and significantly discriminated overall survival in four independent cohorts. HSRM was also significantly associated with transarterial chemoembolization treatment response and rapid tumor growth in HCC patients. Consensus clustering was conducted based on mRNAsi-related genes to divide 1059 patients into two stemness subtypes. On gene set variation analysis, samples of subtype I were found enriched with pathways such as DNA replication and cell cycle, while several liver-specific metabolic pathways were inhibited in these samples. Somatic mutation analysis revealed more frequent mutations of TP53 and RB1 in the subtype I samples. In silico analysis suggested topoisomerase, cyclin-dependent kinase, and histone deacetylase as potential targets to inhibit HCC stemness. In vitro assay showed two predicted compounds, Aminopurvalanol-a and NCH-51, effectively suppressed oncosphere formation and impaired viability of HCC cell lines, which may shed new light on HCC treatment.

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AIM: To summarize HBV-related biomarkers predicting nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) discontinuation and hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after drug withdrawal in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, providing references for clinical medication, so as to manage CHB patients more scientifically. METHODS: Related pieces of literature were retrieved in PubMed and the results were sorted out. We then analyzed and summarized these articles. RESULTS: We found that HBV related biomarkers maybe could predict NAs withdrawal safely and the possibility of relapse after treatment cessation, including hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), HBV DNA, HBV RNA, pregenomic-RNA (pgRNA), hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg), hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc), and models containing several indicators for predicting the effectiveness of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: HBV DNA, HBV RNA, pgRNA, HBcrAg, anti-HBc, as well as the prediction models formed by several biomarkers could predict the safe discontinuation of NAs before HBsAg loss and recurrence.

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PURPOSE: Granulysin (GNLY) is a cytotoxic granule that has been reported to have various antimicrobial activities. We evaluated the association between a missense variant in GNLY (rs11127) and treatment efficacy of pegylated interferon-alpha (PegIFNα) or nucleos(t)ide analogs (NUCs) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included a total of 1823 patients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive CHB (954 patients treated with PegIFNα and 869 patients treated with NUCs) in four Phase IV multicenter randomized controlled trials. The association of the GNLY rs11127 genotype with the combined response (CR), defined as HBeAg seroconversion and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA level <2000 IU/mL was evaluated. A polygenic score (PGS) was constructed to evaluate the cumulative effect of multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including rs11127 and several other SNPs, STAT4 rs7574865, CFB rs12614, and CD55 rs28371597, which were reported to be associated with CR. RESULTS: GNLY rs11127 was significantly associated with CR in patients treated with PegIFNα. The CR rate in patients with the rs11127 CC genotype was higher than that with the CT or TT genotype (40.98% vs 30.34% or 27.09%, P = 0.003). Furthermore, a PGS integrating GNLY rs11127 and three other SNPs was significantly associated with CR in PegIFNα-treated patients (P < 0.001). However, no significant correlation was found between GNLY rs11127 and CR in NUCs-treated patients. CONCLUSION: GNLY rs11127 is an independent biomarker for predicting the response to PegIFNα therapy in HBeAg-positive CHB patients. Furthermore, the PGS, including GNLY rs11127, provides new insights for individualized treatment in clinical practice.

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PURPOSE: Activation of actin cytoskeleton remodeling is an important stage preceding cancer cell metastasis. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-associated risk loci. However, limited sample size or strict significance threshold of GWAS may cause HBV-related HCC risk-associated genetic loci to be undetected. We aimed to investigate the performance of the SNP rs13025377 in PPP1CB in HCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a case-control study including 1161 cases and 1353 controls to evaluate associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 98 actin-cytoskeleton regulatory genes and risk of HBV-related HCC. The effects of SNPs on HBV-related HCC risk were assessed under logistic regression model and corrected by false discovery rate (FDR). RESULTS: We found that rs13025377 in PPP1CB was significantly associated with HBV-related HCC risk [odds ratio (OR) = 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.72~0.91, P = 4.88×10-4]. The risk allele A of rs13025377 increased PPP1CB expression levels in normal liver tissue. SNP rs4665434 was tagged by rs13025377 (r2 = 0.9) and its protective allele disrupted CTCF and Cohesin motifs. According to public datasets, PPP1CB, CTCF and Cohesin expression levels are increased in tumor tissues. Kaplan-Meier plots demonstrated that higher PPP1CB expression was significantly associated with shorter overall survival (OS). Moreover, we observed strong correlation between CTCF, Cohesin, and PPP1CB in various liver tissues. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis confirmed that PPP1CB plays a role in HCC through actin-cytoskeleton regulation. CONCLUSION: Thus, these findings indicated that PPP1CB may be a key gene in actin-cytoskeleton regulation and rs13025377 contributes to the risk of HBV-related HCC by regulating PPP1CB expression.