RESUMEN
Melanism, the overall darkening of the body, is a widespread form of animal adaptation to particular environments, and includes bookcase examples of evolution by natural selection, such as industrial melanism in the peppered moth. The major components of the melanin biosynthesis pathway have been characterized in model insects, but little is known about the genetic basis of life-stage specific melanism such as cases described in some lepidopteran species. Here, we investigate two melanic mutations of Bicyclus anynana butterflies, called Chocolate and melanine, that exclusively affect pigmentation of the larval and adult stages, respectively. Our analysis of Mendelian segregation patterns reveals that the larval and adult melanic phenotypes are due to alleles at different, independently segregating loci. Our linkage mapping analysis excludes the pigmentation candidate gene black as the melanine locus, and implicates a gene encoding a putative pyridoxal phosphate-dependant cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase as the Chocolate locus. We show variation in coding sequence and in expression levels for this candidate larval melanism locus. This is the first study that suggests a biological function for this gene in insects. Our findings open up exciting opportunities to study the role of this locus in the evolution of adaptive variation in pigmentation, and the uncoupling of regulation of pigment biosynthesis across developmental stages with different ecologies and pressures on body coloration.
Asunto(s)
Mariposas Diurnas/enzimología , Carboxiliasas/genética , Carboxiliasas/metabolismo , Melaninas/metabolismo , Pigmentación/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Evolución Biológica , Mariposas Diurnas/genética , Mariposas Diurnas/metabolismo , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Fenotipo , Selección GenéticaRESUMEN
Aim: Tocompare four anti-H. pylori regimes using omeprazole and azithromycin associated to different antimicrobials in peptic ulcer H. pylori positive patients. Patients and methodos: afterinformed consent, 136 endoscopically proven peptic ulcer patients(74 male, 62 female) were randomly assigned to one of thefollowing therapy groups: Group 1: Om 20mg mane for 7 ays + Az 500mgmane for 3 days + tinidazole (Ti) 500mg bid for 7 ays. Group 2: Om 20 mg mane for 7 days + Az 500mane for 3 days + amoxycilin (Am) 500mg tid for 7 days. Group 3 Om 20 mg mane for 7 days + Az 500mg mane for 3 days + furazolidone (F) 200 mg tid for 7 days. Group 4: Om 20 mg mane for 7 days +Az 500mg mane for 3 days + colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) 120 mg tid ( double dose at bedtime) for7 days. The H. Pylori status was assessed before treatment and 94 (63-214) days post treatment using urease test, and 14C-urea breath test. Statistical analysis was performed by Kruskal-Wallis test, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Lancaster & Irvin method. Results: The four groups had similar demographic and clinical characteristics. 120/136 patients completed the study. One patient discontinued treatment due to side effects and 15 were lost to follow-up.32/136 (23.5por cento) hed side effect during treatment, mainly nause. H.pylori eradication in group 3 was statistically different from the other groups ( p=0.000). Group 3 & 4 (statistically non-different) presented significantly more side effects than group 1 and 2 (p=0.002). Conclusion: 1)Om + Associated to F (the cheapest ant- H.Pylori drug) for one week represents an efficient reasonaaable well-tolerates alternatiaaaaaave to H.pylori eradication. 2) Future studies testing F with other macrolides or Az during 7 days can enhance H. Pylori eradication rates