RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: To understand the development of iron deficiency in obesity and its long-term impact on the profile of anemia in spontaneously obese nonhuman primates. METHODS: The study included 69 adult male nonhuman primates, (NHPs, Macaca mulatta, rhesus monkeys), ranging from normal to obese, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) as defined for humans. RESULTS: Iron deficiency was present in 31.9% and mild anemia in 13% of the rhesus monkey in the colony. Serum iron levels were significantly lower in obese (p < .01) and T2D (p < .01)) compared with normal NHP. Obese NHPs also had significantly higher hemoglobin (p < .05), and red blood cell count (p < .05) than normal weight NHPs, thus not related to anemia. CONCLUSIONS: Iron deficiency with increased hemoglobin and red blood cells was significantly associated with increased adiposity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. Iron deficiency does not cause and is not related to anemia in obese and T2D NHPs.

Asunto(s)

Anemia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Resistencia a la Insulina , Deficiencias de Hierro , Anemia/etiología , Anemia/veterinaria , Animales , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/veterinaria , Hemoglobinas , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , Obesidad/complicaciones , Obesidad/veterinaria

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to identify lifestyle and psychosocial factors associated with maintenance of normal body mass index (BMI, 18.5-24.9 kg/m2). Undergraduate students (n = 2781; 7.1% response rate) at a Big Ten university responded to a survey in 2018. BMI was calculated from the reported weight and height at the time of the survey and upon entering the university. Logistic regression analyses examined lifestyle and psychosocial health factors associated with maintenance of normal BMI by academic year. RESULTS: Current BMI was within normal range for 68.8% of freshmen and 60.6% of seniors. Never consuming fast food was a significant predictor for maintaining normal BMI in sophomores (OR 3.78; 95% CI 1.61, 8.88; p < 0.01) and juniors (OR 7.82; 95% CI 2.14, 28.65; p < 0.01). In seniors, better psychosocial health (OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.12, 1.76; p < 0.01) was the only significant predictor for maintaining one's normal freshman BMI category. Among those within the normal BMI range upon entering the university, psychosocial health (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.10, 1.55; p < 0.01) was the only predictor of retaining one's absolute BMI within ± 3% as a senior. Prospective studies are needed to better understand the interaction between environment, behavior, and psychological health involved in retaining normal weight.

Asunto(s)

Estudiantes , Universidades , Índice de Masa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Estudios Prospectivos

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Minority adolescents are at highest risk for obesity and extreme obesity; yet, there are few clinical trials targeting African American adolescents with obesity. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to develop an adaptive family-based behavioral obesity treatment for African American adolescents using a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART) design. METHODS: Fit Families was a SMART where 181 African American adolescents (67% female) aged 12-17 were first randomized to office-based versus home-based behavioral skills treatment delivered from a Motivational Interviewing foundation. After 3 months, nonresponders to first phase treatment were rerandomized to continued home-based behavioral skills treatment or contingency management with voucher-based reinforcement for adolescent weight loss and for caregiver adherence to the program. All interventions were delivered by community health workers. The primary outcome was treatment retention and percent overweight. RESULTS: All adolescents reduced percent overweight by -3.20%; there were no significant differences in percent overweight based on treatment sequence. Adolescents receiving home-based delivery in Phase 1 and contingency management in Phase 2 completed significantly more sessions than those receiving office-based treatment and continued skills without CM (M = 8.03, SD = 3.24 and M = 6.62, SD = 2.95, respectively). The effect of contingency management was strongest among older and those with lower baseline confidence. Younger adolescents experienced greater weight reductions when receiving continued skills (-4.90% compared with -.02%). CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral skills training can be successfully delivered to African American adolescents with obesity and their caregivers by community health workers when using a home-based service model with incentives. More potent interventions are needed to increase reductions in percent overweight and may need to be developmentally tailored for younger and older adolescents.

Asunto(s)

Terapia Conductista , Negro o Afroamericano , Entrevista Motivacional , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud , Obesidad Infantil/terapia , Pérdida de Peso , Programas de Reducción de Peso , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: Successful weight loss interventions for African-Americans adolescents are lacking. Cognitive-behavioral interventions seek to develop weight loss skills (e.g., counting calories, goal setting, managing one's environment). Little is known about how well adolescents implement such skills in their daily lives. Study aims were to (1) examine weight loss skills utilization at midpoint and end of a 6-month cognitive-behavioral/motivational interviewing weight loss sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART), and (2) determine if greater skill utilization predicted weight loss at treatment end and 3 months post-treatment. METHOD: One hundred and eighty six African-Americans adolescents with obesity and their caregiver were first randomly assigned to complete 3 months of cognitive-behavioral and motivational interviewing family-based weight loss treatment in their home or in the research office (Phase 1). Nonresponders (i.e., those who lost < 3% of initial weight, n = 161) were rerandomized to 3 months of continued skills training (n = 83) or contingency management (n = 78) for Phase 2; responders were allocated to 3 months of relapse prevention (n = 20). Adolescents' frequency of weight loss skills utilization was assessed via questionnaire at treatment midpoint and end. RESULTS: Higher treatment attendance was associated with better skill utilization. Higher skill utilization was associated with more weight loss at treatment end, whereas higher baseline confidence was associated with more weight loss at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates the importance of attending weight loss intervention sessions to develop and strengthen weight loss skills in African-American adolescents with obesity, and strengthening confidence to use such skills for continued weight loss.

Asunto(s)

Terapia Conductista , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Entrevista Motivacional , Obesidad/psicología , Pérdida de Peso , Adolescente , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Encuestas y Cuestionarios

RESUMEN

We have reported that none of the psychological/mental variables examined predicted the increase in BMI and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Iraqi refugees after 1 year resettlement in Michigan. We continuously followed the same cohort of refugees for 2 years (Y2 FU) to further determine the gender difference in predicting of increased BMI and NCDs. Only 20% of the BMI variability could be accounted for by the factors examined. Number of dependent children and depression were positively and stress negatively associated with BMI in male refugees but not in females. Number of dependent children was negatively associated with changes in BMI and in males only. Two-third of the NCD variability was accounted for by gender, BMI, employment status, depression, posttraumatic stress disorders and coping skills. Unmarried, unemployed and with high PTSD scores at Y2 in males were positively and number of dependent children was negatively associated with NCD changes in females. Factors such as dietary patterns and lifestyle may have contributed to the increased BMI and NCDs in these refugees at 2 years post-settlement.

Asunto(s)

Asiático/estadística & datos numéricos , Peso Corporal/etnología , Salud Mental/etnología , Enfermedades no Transmisibles/etnología , Refugiados/estadística & datos numéricos , Aculturación , Adaptación Psicológica , Adulto , Asiático/psicología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Depresión/etnología , Empleo/estadística & datos numéricos , Composición Familiar , Femenino , Estado de Salud , Humanos , Irak/etnología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Refugiados/psicología , Factores Sexuales , Factores Socioeconómicos , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/etnología , Estrés Psicológico/etnología , Estados Unidos/epidemiología

RESUMEN

Part of our original analyses was performed with overweight and obese preschoolers only. This procedure may have created a subgroup of individuals with extreme values at baseline and this may likely be inappropriate.

RESUMEN

High prevalence of childhood obesity persists as a public health concern in the USA. However, limited study has been conducted on the effectiveness of nutrition education focused on African-American (AA) preschoolers (PSLRs) in the preschool settings. The aim of this pilot study was to explore the effectiveness of nutrition education on AA PSLR's health. A convenience sample of 164 PSLRs (95% AA, 44% female) from six Head Start (HS) centers in a Midwestern metropolitan area was randomly assigned to 3 groups: intervention group A, standard curriculum plus nutrition education for PSLRs; intervention group B, standard curriculum plus nutrition education for PSLRs and their caregivers (CGs); and control group, standard curriculum. Baseline and post-intervention differences within each group and differences among the three groups in body mass index (BMI) percentiles, blood lipid profile, and food preference/knowledge were analyzed. No significant changes in BMI percentiles among the three groups were observed. When only overweight and obese PSLRs were considered, there was a significant reduction in BMI percentile in group B (PSLR + CG) and control group. More PSLRs in all three groups had blood lipid levels in the acceptable with few in the high-risk levels. There were no changes in nutrition knowledge and healthy eating behavior post-intervention. This pilot study supports including both PSLRs and CGs in future preschool-based interventions and the need for more intense intervention to optimize healthy outcomes, especially for those AA PSLRs who are overweight or obese.

Asunto(s)

Negro o Afroamericano , Fibras de la Dieta , Padres/educación , Educación del Paciente como Asunto/métodos , Obesidad Infantil/dietoterapia , Granos Enteros , Índice de Masa Corporal , Preescolar , Colesterol/sangre , HDL-Colesterol/sangre , LDL-Colesterol/sangre , Asistencia Sanitaria Culturalmente Competente , Intervención Educativa Precoz , Femenino , Preferencias Alimentarias , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Sobrepeso/sangre , Sobrepeso/dietoterapia , Obesidad Infantil/sangre , Proyectos Piloto , Triglicéridos/sangre

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Obesity disproportionately affects children from low-income families and those from racial and ethnic minorities. The relationship between snacking and weight status remains unclear, although snacking is known to be an important eating episode for energy and nutrient intake particularly in young children. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the snack intake of minority preschool children enrolled in the Head Start Program in four centers in Detroit, Michigan, and investigate differences by child weight status. METHODS: This secondary data analysis used snack time food observation and anthropometric data from a convenience sample of 55 African American children (44 % girls, mean age = 3.8 years). Snack intake data was obtained over a mean of 5 days through direct observation of children by dietetic interns, and later converted into food group servings according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) meal patterns and averaged for each child. Height and weight measurements were systematically collected and BMI-for-age percentiles were used to classify children into weight categories. One sample, paired samples and independent samples t-tests were performed to test for differences within and between means. RESULTS: Based on BMI-for-age percentiles, 72.7 % of the sample was under/healthy weight and 27.3 % was overweight/obese. Average (mean ± SD) intake of milk (0.76 ± 0.34) and overall fruits/vegetables (0.77 ± 0.34) was significantly lower than one USDA serving, while average intake of grains and breads (2.04 ± 0.89), meat/meat alternates (2.20 ± 1.89) and other foods (1.43 ± 1.08) was significantly higher than one USDA serving (p ≤ 0.05). Children ate more when offered canned versus fresh fruits (0.93 ± 0.57 vs. 0.65 ± 0.37, p = 0.007). Except for a significantly higher milk intake in the overweight/obese group compared to the under/healthy weight group (0.86 ± 0.48 vs. 0.72 ± 0.27, p = 0.021], no relationship was found between snack food intake and weight category. Only in the overweight/obese group was the intake of milk and fresh fruits not significantly different than one USDA serving. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that regardless of weight status low-income minority preschool children are consuming larger serving sizes when offered less healthy versus healthier snack foods. Continued efforts should be made to provide healthful snack foods at preschool settings to prevent obesity and promote healthier food habits.

RESUMEN

Epidemiological studies have linked consumption of n-3 PUFAs with a variety of beneficial health benefits, particularly with respect to putative anti-inflammatory effects. Unfortunately, many of these results remain somewhat controversial because in most instances there has not been a linkage to specific molecular mechanisms. For instance, dietary exposure to low levels of mercury has been shown to be damaging to neural development, but concomitant ingestion of n-3 PUFAs as occurs during consumption of fish, has been shown to counteract the detrimental effects. As the mechanisms mediating the neurotoxicity of environmental mercury are not fully delineated, it is difficult to conceptualize a testable molecular mechanism explaining how n-3 PUFAs negate its neurotoxic effects. However, environmental exposure to mercury also has been linked to increased autoimmunity. By way of a molecular understanding of this immuno-toxic association, disruption of CD95 signaling is well established as a triggering factor for autoimmunity, and we have previously shown that environmentally relevant in vitro and dietary exposures to mercury interfere with CD95 signaling. In particular we have shown that activation of caspase 8, as well as downstream activation of caspase 3, in response to CD95 agonist stimulation is depressed by mercury. More recently we have shown in vitro that the n-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid counteracts the negative effect of mercury on CD95 signaling by restoring caspase activity. We hypothesized that concomitant ingestion of n-3 PUFAs with mercury might be protective from the immuno-toxic effects of mercury, as it is with mercury's neuro-toxic effects, and in the case of immuno-toxicity this would be related to restoration of CD95 signal strength. We now show that dietary ingestion of n-3 PUFAs generally promotes CD95 signaling by upregulating caspase 8 activation. Apart from accounting for the ability of n-3 PUFAs to specifically counteract autoimmune sequelae of mercury exposure, this novel finding for the first time suggests a testable molecular mechanism explaining the overall anti-inflammatory properties of n-3 PUFAs.

Asunto(s)

Grasas de la Dieta/farmacología , Enterotoxinas/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacología , Staphylococcus aureus/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Activación Enzimática , Femenino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Linfocitos T/enzimología

RESUMEN

Refugees have typically experienced stress and trauma before entering the US. Stressors and mental health disorders may contribute to obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the body mass index (BMI) in Iraqi refugees settled in Michigan in relationship to pre- and post-migration stressors and mental health. Anthropometric and demographic data were collected from 290 Iraqi refugees immediately after they arrived in Michigan and one year after settlement. Significant increases were observed in BMI (+0.46 ± 0.09 kg/m(2), p < 0.0001) and the percentage of refugees suffering from hypertension (from 9.6 to 13.1%, p < 0.05). Significant increases in stress, depression and acculturation, as well as decreases in post-migration trauma and social support, were also observed. Linear regression analyses failed to link stressors, well-being, and mental health to changes in BMI. It is likely that acculturation to a new lifestyle, including dietary patterns and physical activity levels, may have contributed to these changes.

Asunto(s)

Peso Corporal/etnología , Salud Mental/etnología , Refugiados/psicología , Aculturación , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Pesos y Medidas Corporales , Comorbilidad , Depresión/psicología , Humanos , Irak/etnología , Michigan/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Características de la Residencia , Apoyo Social , Factores Socioeconómicos , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/etnología , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

In the United States the principal environmental exposure to mercury is through dietary consumption of sea food. Although the mechanism by which low levels of mercury affect the nervous system is not well established, epidemiological studies suggest that low level exposure of pregnant women to dietary mercury can adversely impact cognitive development in their children, but that Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the most prominent n-polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-PUFA) present in fish may counteract negative effects of mercury on the nervous system. Aside from effects on the nervous system, epidemiological and animal studies have also suggested that low level mercury exposure may be a risk factor for autoimmune disease. However unlike the nervous system where a mechanism linking mercury to impaired cognitive development remains elusive, we have previously suggested a potential mechanism linking low level mercury exposures to immune system dysfunction and autoimmunity. In the immune system it is well established that disruption of CD95 mediated apoptosis leads to autoimmune disease. We have previously shown in vitro as well as in vivo that in lymphocytes burdened with low levels of mercury, CD95 mediated cell death is impaired. In this report we now show that DHA counteracts the negative effect of mercury on CD95 signaling in T lymphocytes. T cells which have been pre-exposed to DHA are able to cleave pro-caspase 3 and efficiently signal programmed cell death through the CD95 signaling pathway, whether or not they are burdened with low levels of mercury. Thus DHA may lower the risk of autoimmune disease after low level mercury exposures.

Asunto(s)

Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/farmacología , Cloruro de Mercurio/toxicidad , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Receptor fas/metabolismo , Autoinmunidad/efectos de los fármacos , Caspasa 3/metabolismo , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Citoprotección , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Humanos , Células Jurkat , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/patología

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: α-Cyclodextrin (α-CD), a soluble dietary fiber derived from corn, marketed under the trade name FBCx®, has the potential to help individuals manage their weight and improve their lipid profiles. Initial studies in healthy overweight and/or obese diabetic individuals found that, in those consuming a normal to high fat diet over a 4 or 12 week period, α-CD use was associated with weight loss or maintenance and a reduction in triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels in hyperlipidemic individuals. Furthermore, α-CD use was associated with the positive effects of increasing insulin and leptin sensitivities. To date, the immediate post-prandial glucose and lipid responses to a fat-containing meal have not been reported. MATERIALS/METHOD: This double blinded placebo controlled cross-over trial examined the effect of 2 g of α-CD taken immediately following consumption of a commercially prepared high-fat breakfast meal on the acute postprandial responses in healthy adults. RESULTS: The coincidental consumption of α-CD with a fat-containing meal was associated with a significant reduction in postprandial TG responses over time when compared to placebo. When incremental area under the curve was calculated, the area under the curve associated with α-CD consumption was significantly smaller than the Placebo area (0.30±1.07 mmol/L/3 h vs. 0.98±0.88 mmol/L/3 h, p<0.05). There were no significant changes in glucose or cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION: α-Cyclodextrin was shown to significantly lower acute postprandial blood triglyceride levels.

Asunto(s)

Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Grasas de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Fibras de la Dieta/farmacología , Glucosa/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Lípidos/sangre , Periodo Posprandial/efectos de los fármacos , alfa-Ciclodextrinas/farmacología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Glucemia/metabolismo , Colesterol/sangre , Estudios Cruzados , Grasas de la Dieta/efectos adversos , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Comidas , Persona de Mediana Edad , Periodo Posprandial/fisiología , Triglicéridos/sangre , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

The purpose of this study was to describe the physical activity levels of urban inner city preschoolers while attending Head Start, the federally funded preschool program for children from low-income families. Participants were 158 African American children. Their physical activity during Head Start days was measured using programmed RT-3 accelerometers. Results revealed that the children spent the most time in sedentary and light physical activity, while their participation in moderate-to-vigorous physical activities was low. Given the sedentary class format and limited physical space for the Head Start programs observed, we suggest adding a structured physical activity component to Head Start schools to fight the overweight and obesity crisis.

Asunto(s)

Negro o Afroamericano , Intervención Educativa Precoz , Actividad Motora , Preescolar , Femenino , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Promoción de la Salud , Humanos , Masculino

RESUMEN

This study used a descriptive, cross-sectional analysis to examine a social ecological model of obesity among African-American female adolescents residing in obesogenic environments. The goal was to identify factors that promote weight resilience, defined as maintaining a healthy body weight despite living in an environment that encourages inactivity and undermines healthy weight behaviors. During 2005 to 2008, weight-resilient (n=32) and obese (n=35) African-American female adolescents (12 to 17 years) living in Detroit, MI, and their caregivers completed measures of individual, family, and extrafamilial weight-resilience factors. Variables related to weight resilience in bivariate analyses were subjected to multivariate analysis using logistic regression to test the hypothesis that these factors independently predicted adolescent membership into the weight-resilient or obese group. As hypothesized, the odds of an adolescent being weight resilient were predicted by lower caregiver body mass index (calculated as kg/m(2)) (odds ratio [OR]=0.790; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.642 to 0.973), lower caregiver distress (OR=0.796; 95% CI: 0.635 to 0.998), higher caregiver monitoring and supervision of exercise (OR=5.746; 95% CI: 1.435 to 23.004), more frequent full-service grocery store shopping (OR=5.147; 95% CI: 1.137 to 23.298), and more peer support for eating (OR=0.656; 95% CI: 0.445 to 0.969). Contrary to prediction, lower eating self-efficacy (OR=0.597; 95% CI: 0.369 to 0.965) also predicted weight resilience. The model correctly classified 92.5% of all cases. Findings suggest that increasing psychosocial weight-resilience factors across multiple systems might be an important intervention strategy for obese African-American female adolescents residing in obesogenic environments.

Asunto(s)

Conducta del Adolescente , Negro o Afroamericano , Peso Corporal , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Obesidad/prevención & control , Adolescente , Conducta del Adolescente/etnología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Cuidadores , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Dieta/efectos adversos , Dieta/etnología , Composición Familiar/etnología , Femenino , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud/etnología , Humanos , Michigan/epidemiología , Modelos Psicológicos , Actividad Motora , Obesidad/etnología , Obesidad/etiología , Obesidad/psicología , Responsabilidad Parental/etnología , Responsabilidad Parental/psicología , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos

RESUMEN

Antenatal corticosteroid (AC) treatment is given to pregnant women at risk for preterm birth to reduce infant morbidity and mortality by enhancing lung and brain maturation. However, there is no accepted regimen on how frequently AC treatments should be given and some studies found that repeated AC treatments can cause growth retardation and brain damage. Our goal was to assess the dose-dependent effects of repeated AC treatment and estimate the critical number of AC courses to cause harmful effects on the auditory brainstem response (ABR), a sensitive measure of brain development, neural transmission and hearing loss. We hypothesized that repeated AC treatment would have harmful effects on the offspring's ABRs and growth only if more than 3 AC treatment courses were given. To test this hypothesis, pregnant Wistar rats were given either a high regimen of AC (HAC), a moderate regimen (MAC), a low regimen (LAC), or saline (SAL). An untreated control (CON) group was also used. Simulating the clinical condition, the HAC dams received 0.2mg/kg Betamethasone (IM) twice daily for 6 days during gestation days (GD) 17-22. The MAC dams received 3 days of AC treatment followed by 3 days of saline treatment on GD 17-19 and GD 20-22, respectively. The LAC dams received 1 day of AC treatment followed by 5 days of saline treatment on GD 17 and GD 18-22, respectively. The SAL dams received 6 days of saline treatment from GD 17 to 22 (twice daily, isovolumetric to the HAC injections, IM). The offspring were ABR-tested on postnatal day 24. Results indicated that the ABR's P4 latencies (neural transmission time) were significantly prolonged (worse) in the HAC pups and that ABR's thresholds were significantly elevated (worse) in the HAC and MAC pups when compared to the CON pups. The HAC and MAC pups were also growth retarded and had higher postnatal mortality than the CON pups. The SAL and LAC pups showed little or no adverse effects. In conclusion, repeated AC treatment had harmful effects on the rat offspring's ABRs, postnatal growth and survival. The prolonged ABR latencies reflect slowed neural transmission times along the auditory nerve and brainstem auditory pathway. The elevated ABR thresholds reflect hearing deficits. We concluded that repeated AC treatment can have harmful neurological, sensory and developmental effects on the rat offspring. These effects should be considered when weighing the benefits and risks of repeated AC treatment and when monitoring and managing the prenatally exposed child for possible adverse effects.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades Auditivas Centrales/inducido químicamente , Umbral Auditivo/efectos de los fármacos , Betametasona/toxicidad , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/inducido químicamente , Transmisión Sináptica/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Enfermedades Auditivas Centrales/epidemiología , Enfermedades Auditivas Centrales/fisiopatología , Umbral Auditivo/fisiología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Esquema de Medicación , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/epidemiología , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/fisiopatología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Tiempo de Reacción/efectos de los fármacos , Tiempo de Reacción/fisiología , Transmisión Sináptica/fisiología

RESUMEN

α-Cyclodextrin (α-CD) is a soluble fiber derived from corn. It has previously been reported that early intervention with Mirafit fbcx, a trademarked name for α-CD, has beneficial effects on weight management in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes, and that it preferentially reduces blood levels of saturated and trans fats in the LDL receptor knockout mice. The current investigation involves overweight but not obese nondiabetic individuals and was intended to confirm the effects of α-CD on both weight management and improving blood lipid levels. Forty-one healthy adults (age: 41.4 ± 13.6 years) participated in this 2-month, double-blinded, crossover study. In 28 compliant participants (8 males and 20 females), when the active phase was compared to the control phase, there were significant decreases in body weight (-0.4 ± 0.2 kg, P < 0.05), serum total cholesterol (mean ± s.e.m., -0.295 ± 0.10 mmol/l, 5.3%, P < 0.02) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (-0.23 ± 0.11 mmol/l, -6.7%, P < 0.05). Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) (-0.0404 ± 0.02 g/l, -5.6%, P = 0.06) and insulin levels also decreased by 9.5% (-0.16 ± 0.08 pmol/l, P = 0.06) while blood glucose and leptin levels did not change. These results suggest that α-CD exerts its beneficial health effects on body weight and blood lipid profile in healthy nonobese individuals, as previously reported in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Asunto(s)

Anticolesterolemiantes/uso terapéutico , Colesterol/sangre , Fibras de la Dieta/uso terapéutico , Suplementos Dietéticos , Sobrepeso/dietoterapia , alfa-Ciclodextrinas/uso terapéutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anticolesterolemiantes/efectos adversos , Apolipoproteínas B/sangre , Índice de Masa Corporal , LDL-Colesterol/sangre , Estudios Cruzados , Fibras de la Dieta/efectos adversos , Suplementos Dietéticos/efectos adversos , Método Doble Ciego , Humanos , Resistencia a la Insulina , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sobrepeso/sangre , Pacientes Desistentes del Tratamiento , Solubilidad , Pérdida de Peso , Adulto Joven , alfa-Ciclodextrinas/efectos adversos

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether multisystemic therapy, an intensive, home- and community-based intervention, could increase family support for healthy eating and exercise in obese African-American adolescents. Relationships between changes in family support, weight status, and body fat composition at the end of the trial were also evaluated. METHOD: A pilot randomized clinical trial was conducted with 49 obese adolescents (body mass index > or = 95th %ile). Participants were randomized to receive multisystemic therapy or Shapedown, a group weight loss intervention. Participants received treatment for 6 months. Data were collected at baseline and 7-month posttest (i.e., treatment termination). Changes in family support for healthy eating and exercise were assessed by self-report questionnaire. Bivariate analyses were used to assess the relationship between change in family support during the trial and youth body mass index, percent overweight, and body fat composition at follow-up. RESULTS: Participation in multisystemic therapy was associated with significantly greater improvements in family encouragement for healthy eating and family participation in exercise and greater decreases in discouraging behavior from family members than Shapedown participation. Increases in family participation in exercise were significantly related to lower youth body mass index, percent overweight, and body fat composition at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Intensive, home- and community-based treatment increased family support for health behavior changes among obese minority adolescents, and these changes were directly related to weight status. Such health improvements are important for the well-being of a subset of youth who are at high risk for future health complications.

Asunto(s)

Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Terapia Familiar/métodos , Obesidad Mórbida/etnología , Obesidad Mórbida/terapia , Apoyo Social , Teoría de Sistemas , Adolescente , Composición Corporal , Distribución de la Grasa Corporal , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , Dieta Reductora/etnología , Dieta Reductora/psicología , Ejercicio Físico/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Pérdida de Peso/etnología

RESUMEN

Consuming omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FA) during pregnancy and lactation is beneficial to fetal and infant development and might reduce the incidence and severity of preterm births by prolonging pregnancy. Consequently, supplementing maternal diets with large amounts of omega-3 FA is gaining acceptance. However, both over- and under-supplementation with omega-3 FA can harm offspring development. Adverse fetal and neonatal conditions in general can enhance age-related neural degeneration, shorten life span and cause other adult-onset disorders. We hypothesized that maternal over- and under-nutrition with omega-3 FA would shorten the offspring's life span and enhance neural degeneration in old adulthood. To test these hypotheses, female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of the three diet conditions starting from day 1 of pregnancy through the entire period of pregnancy and lactation. The three diets were Control omega-3 FA (omega-3/omega-6 ratio approximately 0.14), Excess omega-3 FA (omega-3/omega-6 ratio approximately 14.5) and Deficient omega-3 FA (omega-3/omega-6 ratio approximately 0% ratio). When possible, one male and female offspring from each litter were assessed for life span and sensory/neural degeneration (n=15 litters/group). The Excess offspring had shorter life spans compared to their Control and Deficient cohorts (mean+/-SEM=506+/-24, 601+/-14 and 585+/-21 days, p

Asunto(s)

Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Potenciales Evocados Auditivos del Tronco Encefálico/efectos de los fármacos , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/toxicidad , Longevidad/efectos de los fármacos , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/fisiopatología , Envejecimiento/patología , Envejecimiento/fisiología , Animales , Vías Auditivas/efectos de los fármacos , Vías Auditivas/fisiopatología , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Peso Corporal/fisiología , Encéfalo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Grasas de la Dieta/toxicidad , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Potenciales Evocados Auditivos del Tronco Encefálico/fisiología , Femenino , Lactancia/efectos de los fármacos , Lactancia/metabolismo , Longevidad/fisiología , Masculino , Embarazo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/patología , Presbiacusia/inducido químicamente , Presbiacusia/fisiopatología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Tiempo

RESUMEN

Adolescents with obesity (N = 48) and their caregivers were randomized to Multisystemic Therapy (MST) or a group weight-loss intervention. MST adolescents significantly reduced percents overweight and body fat, while control adolescents did not. Treatments such as MST that can intervene in the multiple systems that influence weight are worthy of further study.

Asunto(s)

Obesidad/terapia , Adolescente , Negro o Afroamericano , Femenino , Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Humanos , Masculino