RESUMEN
Background: Although milk is nutritionally valuable, it also serves as a significant medium for the transmission of pathogens and their toxins. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the role of enterotoxin gene A (SEA) in the development of bovine mastitis. We accomplished this by examining milk through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, amino acid substitution analysis, and phylogenetic analysis. Methods: A total of fifty milk samples were collected from locally bred dairy cows in Al-Diwaniyah, located in southern Iraq. We employed the VITEK-2 platform to validate the diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus and confirm the results of routine tests (culturing and biochemical tests). Subsequently, the genetic mutation and phylogeny analysis were achieved utilizing DNA sequencing to 16S rRNA and enterotoxin A genes. Results: 66% (33/50) of the milk samples found to be contain S. aureus by the VITEK-2 system. Furthermore, 25/33 of the samples were positive by the PCR test. While 60% (15 out of 25) tested positive for the SEA gene. After genomic analysis, we identified amino acid substitutions of serine, glutamine with arginine, tyrosine with cysteine, and aspartic acid with glycine at positions 9, 101, 119, 187, and 191. The phylogenetic investigation demonstrated a genetic relationship between our isolates (Iraqi isolates) and isolates from Indian and the United States. Conclusion: Our study indicated the widespread distribution of the enterotoxin gene A (SEA) of S. aureus among dairy cows. The molecular study revealed significant changes in key amino acids that could play an important role in the bacterium's pathogenesis. The phylogenetic similarities among S. aureus samples from various countries suggest that the bacteria has spread globally.
Asunto(s)
Enterotoxinas , Mastitis Bovina , Leche , Filogenia , Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Staphylococcus aureus , Bovinos , Animales , Enterotoxinas/genética , Mastitis Bovina/microbiología , Femenino , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Staphylococcus aureus/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/veterinaria , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Leche/microbiología , Irak , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , ARN Ribosómico 16S/análisis , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Beta thalassemia (ß-thalassemia) is a type of inherited blood disorder characterized by the impaired production of beta globin chains. ß-Thalassemia can be categorized into three subtypes according to symptom severity: ß-thalassemia minor, ß-thalassemia intermedia, and ß-thalassemia major. Adipose tissue functions as an endocrine gland by synthesizing and secreting an array of bioactive peptides including leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. METHODS: We recruited 30 participants who were transfusion dependent ß-thalassemia patients (major) and 30 participants who were non-transfusion dependent ß-thalassemia patients (minor). The control group consisted of 20 healthy individuals. Analysis of the demographic profile, hematological profile, biochemical parameters, and serum adipokine concentrations (leptin, adiponectin and resistin) were performed for all participants. RESULTS: Our results showed that leptin serum levels were significantly lower in the ß-thalassemia major group compared with the ß-thalassemia minor group or healthy individuals, while serum levels of adiponectin were significantly higher in ß-thalassemic patients compared with healthy controls. Serum levels of resistin were significantly higher in ß-thalassemic patients compared with the healthy control group. A significant negative correlation was noted between adiponectin and BMI in ß-thalassemic patients, whereas leptin was observed to have a significant positive correlation with BMI in the control group. Leptin was observed to have a significant negative correlation with adiponectin and ferritin in the ß-thalassemia major group. CONCLUSION: The changes we observed in adipokine levels may play a role in the development of the complications related to ß-Thalassemia and disease severity.
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Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERSCoV) have been reported in Arabian peninsula and sporadic cases in Europe and Asia. This study was conducted to evaluate the genetic analysis of this virus in human and camel at the first time in Iraq. Two hundred samples were collected from camels and human who suffering from respiratory symptoms, these samples treated with RNA extraction kit then amplification the genetic material by PCR which give 5% positive results. The amplicon then sequenced, registration in gene bank of NCBI for getting accession numbers. The local strains give close relationship with neighbor countries as Saudi Arabia and Jordan strains when using MEGA analysis software.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The use of selective and differential plating media is a simple method for the isolation of Salmonella spp. Recently, there has been a general move toward molecular methods of Salmonella detection and typing. METHODS: A total of 1200 different specimens collected from human and animal sources were involved in his study. 600 stool specimens from patients suffering from diarrhea and 600 specimens from gall bladder (bile) of cattle from Al-Diwaniya slaughter house, Iraq were used. Salmonella spp. were isolated and identified using bacterial culturing on selective media and colonies were tested by API 20Eand then serotyping through polyvalent antisera and conformation by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). PCR was used to detect ompC gene encoding biosynthesis of outer membrane protein C of Salmonella genus. RESULTS: The results revealed that the rate of Salmonella isolates was 0.5% (3/600) from human and 1% (6/600) from animals. The PCR technique revealed that 9 isolates of Salmonella spp. harbored ompC gene. The results of this study revealed that the PCR technique had a high specificity in detection of Salmonella spp., in comparison to culture and biochemical test, Mini API 20 E and serological tests. The present study found no significant differences between human and animal isolates. CONCLUSION: Detection of ompC gene is a good method for detection of Salmonella species isolated from clinical specimens. It has a high specificity in comparison with other tests, with its advantages of greater speed and effectiveness than conventional detection methods.