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To estimate the unknown population median, several researchers have developed efficient estimators but these estimators are unable to provide efficient results in the existence of outliers. Keeping this point in view, the present work suggests enhanced class of robust estimators to estimate population median under simple random sampling in case of outliers/extreme observations. The suggested estimators are a mixture of bivariate auxiliary information and robust measures with the linear combination of deciles mean, tri-mean and Hodges Lehmann estimator. Mathematical properties associated with the improved class of robust estimators are evaluated in terms of bias and mean squared error. Moreover, the potentiality of our suggested estimators as compared to already available estimators is checked by considering two real-life data sets with outlier(s). In addition, a simulation study is also added in this regard. From theoretical and numerical findings, it is observed that our newly suggested estimators outperforms as compared to its competitors.

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N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) adducts have shown remarkable biological potential for numerous medical applications. With an aim to improve biological potential of benzimidazolium salts, newer analogues of benzimidazole and their silver complexes were synthesized and characterized. Synthesized salts (L1-L2) and silver complexes (C1-C2) were confirmed through elemental analysis, UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, 1H NMR & 13C NMR spectroscopy. The compounds C1 & C2 were found stable in solution form for studied time period when examined spectroscopically and showed optimum lipophilicity when measured for their partition coefficient through flask shake method. Synthesized compounds showed good antimicrobial potential against gram positive bacterial strain S. Aureus with IC50 2.02±0.12 and 2.11±0.13 µM respectively while 2.11±0.1 and 2.28±0.17 µM against gram negative bacterial strain E. Coli for C1 and C2 respectively. The interaction study of the related compounds with DNA was predicted by molecular docking study, which confirmed that the studied compound C1 (-8.04 kcal/mol) has a higher binding energy than compound C2 (-4.23 kcal/mol); Also, the compound C1 exhibits a better affinity against to DNA than Ethidium bromide (-7.68 kcal/mol) and cisplatin (-6.21 kcal/mol).The claim was practically assured through spectroscopic and viscometeric method which confirmed that compounds have good affinity for DNA with binding constant kb, 5.78×104 M-1 and 6.84×104 M-1 for C1 and C2 respectively.

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OBJECTIVE: To study the orthologs of the five genes of congenital hypothyroidism NIS, PAX8, DUOX2, FOXE1, NKX2-1 that are involved in the development of the thyroid gland. METHODS: The study was conducted at INMOL Cancer Hospital, Lahore in September 2017 and comprised of finding gene orthologs, phylogenetic tree and domains of NIS, PAX8, DUOX2, FOXE1, NKX2-1 which were studied using different bioinformatics tools, including FASTA, BLAST, ENSEMBL, UniProt, MultiAlin, to find out the important domains involved in the mutations of these genes. RESULTS: Genes showed consensus sequence / motifs involved in congenital hypothyroidism. Phylogenetic results showed that these genes shared some common motifs. Phylogenetic trees revealed sub-clusters with high protein homology. CONCLUSIONS: Genes involved in congenital hypothyroidism were found to have a consensus sequence motifs.

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BACKGROUND: Uterine rupture, an obstetrical emergency though rare but still has grave implications. Uterine rupture is the occurrence of breach in the wall of uterus. Complete rupture involves complete disruption of uterine wall resulting in spillage of uterine contents into the abdominal cavity whereas an incomplete rupture has intact peritoneum or serosa. The most commonly reported risk factor in developed countries is previous caesarean section whereas in developing countries neglected and obstructed labour are more frequently reported predisposing factors. METHODS: This was a cross sectional descriptive study which was carried out for a period of 2 years from January 2015 to December 2016 in Gynae "A" unit of Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad. RESULTS: In our study frequency of uterine rupture was 0.63%. Previous scar dehiscence was the most common risk factor for uterine rupture. Maternal mortality was 4% out of total 52 ruptured uterus, while 94.2% was perinatal mortality. CONCLUSION: Although uterine rupture can be prevented but its frequency is still high. Therefore, proper antenatal care, health education, utilisation of health facilities is needed to reduce adverse outcome associated with this avoidable condition..

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Adult Burkitt's lymphoma emerged as an AIDS-defining condition in the 1980s. We describe a case of HIV-associated adult Burkitt's lymphoma diagnosed and treated with high-dose chemotherapy in our institution, complicated by unusual bilateral renal vein tumour thrombi and tumour lysis syndrome. We believe this unique case highlights the need for early recognition of current and potential complications on staging computed tomography imaging, as well as successful use of a high-dose chemotherapy regimen.

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A 31-year-old man presented with seizures and cerebellar symptoms on a background of weight loss and lethargy. He was found to be infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and following radiological imaging, was commenced on treatment for presumed cerebral toxoplasmosis. Due to a lack of response, both clinically and on interval imaging, a positron-emission tomography-computed tomography and brain biopsy were undertaken, which demonstrated high-grade primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Awareness amongst both clinicians and radiologists of the multifarious patterns of intra-cranial involvement in patients with HIV is, therefore, of utmost importance, as the treatment and prognosis of these entities are entirely different.