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This study investigated the analgesic and systemic effects of intramuscular (IM) versus epidural (EP) administration of tramadol as an adjunct to EP injection of lidocaine in cats. Six healthy, domestic, shorthair female cats underwent general anesthesia. A prospective, randomized, crossover trial was then conducted with each cat receiving the following 3 treatments: EP injection of 2% lidocaine [LEP; 3.0 mg/kg body weight (BW)]; EP injection of a combination of lidocaine and 5% tramadol (LTEP; 3.0 and 2.0 mg/kg BW, respectively); or EP injection of lidocaine and IM injection of tramadol (LEPTIM; 3.0 and 2.0 mg/kg BW, respectively). Systemic effects, spread and duration of analgesia, behavior, and motor blockade were determined before treatment and at predetermined intervals afterwards. The duration of analgesia was 120 ± 31 min for LTEP, 71 ± 17 min for LEPTIM, and 53 ± 6 min for LEP (P < 0.05; mean ± SD). The cranial spread of analgesia obtained with LTEP was similar to that with LEP or LEPTIM, extending to dermatomic region T13-L1. Complete motor blockade was similar for the 3 treatments. It was concluded that tramadol produces similar side effects in cats after either EP or IM administration. Our findings indicate that EP and IM tramadol (2 mg/kg BW) with EP lidocaine produce satisfactory analgesia in cats. As an adjunct to lidocaine, EP tramadol provides a longer duration of analgesia than IM administration. The adverse effects produced by EP and IM administration of tramadol were not different. Further studies are needed to determine whether EP administration of tramadol could play a role in managing postoperative pain in cats when co-administered with lidocaine after painful surgical procedures.

La présente étude visait à déterminer les effets analgésiques et systémiques de l'administration intramusculaire (IM) ou épidurale (EP) de tramadol comme un ajout à l'injection EP de lidocaïne chez des chats. Six chattes domestiques à poils courts ont été soumises à une anesthésie générale. Une étude prospective croisée aléatoire a été menée, chaque chat recevant les trois traitements suivants : injection EP de lidocaïne 2 % [LEP; 3,0 mg/kg poids corporels (PC)]; injection EP d'une combinaison de lidocaïne et de tramadol 5 % (LTEP; 3,0 et 2,0 mg/kg PC, respectivement); ou injection EP de lidocaïne et injection IM de tramadol (LEPTIM; 3,0 et 2,0 mg/kg PC, respectivement). Les effets systémiques, l'étendue et la durée de l'analgésie, le comportement, et le blocage moteur furent déterminés avant le traitement et à des intervalles prédéterminés par la suite. La durée de l'analgésie était de 120 ± 31 min pour LTEP, 71 ± 17 min pour LEPTIM, et 53 ± 6 min pour LEP (P < 0,05; moyenne ± écart-type). L'étendue crâniale de l'analgésie obtenue avec LTEP était similaire à celle avec LEP ou LEPTIM, s'étendant jusqu'au dermatome T13-L1. Le blocage moteur complet était similaire pour les trois traitements. Il a été conclu que chez le chat le tramadol produit des effets secondaires similaires qu'il soit administré par voie EP ou IM. Nos résultats indiquent que du tramadol (2 mg/kg PC) donné EP et IM avec de la lidocaïne EP induit une analgésie satisfaisante chez les chats. Comme supplément à la lidocaïne, le tramadol administré EP fourni une durée prolongée de l'analgésie que lorsqu'administré IM. Les effets indésirables produits par l'administration EP et IM de tramadol n'étaient pas différents. Des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires afin de déterminer si l'administration EP de tramadol pourrait jouer un rôle dans la gestion de la douleur post-opératoire chez les chats lorsqu'administré conjointement avec de la lidocaïne suite à une procédure chirurgicale douloureuse.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).

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The aim of this study was to evaluate 3 doses of levobupivacaine (LB) epidurally administered in sheep. Six adult male 24-36 month-old sheep received levobupivacaine at 3 doses, LB05 (0.05 mg/kg), LB15 (0.15 mg/kg), and LB25 (0.25mg/kg), and saline solution into the lumbosacral epidural space. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, and mean), respiratory rate, rectal, and skin temperature, local anesthesia, and ataxia were determined before treatment and at predetermined intervals. The duration of local anesthesia was 30±5 min, 145±27 min, and 290±18 min for LB05, LB15, and LB25, respectively (P<0.05). Ataxia determined for LB05, LB15, or LB25 was similar to the anesthetic times. There was an increase in heart rate and reduction in arterial pressure in LB25 (P<0.05), whereas LB05 or LB15 did not affect these parameters. Lumbosacral epidural levobupivacaine is an appropriate choice for local anesthesia in sheep.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the analgesic and systemic effects of thoracic epidural administration of ketamine, lidocaine, or both in conscious dogs. ANIMALS: 6 adult mixed-breed dogs. PROCEDURES: Each dog received 2% lidocaine hydrochloride without epinephrine (3.8 mg/kg), 5% ketamine hydrochloride (3.0 mg/kg), or both in randomized order with ≥ 1 week between treatments. Drugs were administered in a total volume of 0.25 mL/kg through a thoracic epidural catheter implanted via the lumbosacral approach. Heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, analgesia, sedation, and ataxia were determined before treatment (baseline [time 0]) and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes after administration. RESULTS: The main areas of analgesia for the 3 treatments were the thorax and forelimbs bilaterally. Median duration of analgesia was shorter after administration of ketamine (30 minutes) than after administration of lidocaine (40 minutes) and lidocaine plus ketamine (90 minutes). All treatments caused moderate motor blockade, and only the ketamine and lidocaine plus ketamine treatments caused mild sedation. Significant decreases in systolic and mean arterial blood pressure were observed only with the lidocaine plus ketamine treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Thoracic epidural administration of lidocaine plus ketamine resulted in longer duration of analgesia of the thorax and forelimbs bilaterally in conscious dogs, compared with administration of ketamine or lidocaine alone. Additional studies are needed to determine whether this technique adequately relieves postoperative pain after thoracic surgical procedures and whether it causes respiratory depression in dogs.

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