RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Evidence is mixed regarding sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and adiposity among adults, perhaps because of reporting bias. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to determine the impact of reporting bias on any associations between increased SSB intake and overweight/obesity. DESIGN: Beverage intake and overweight/obese status (body mass index ≥ 25 kg m(-2)) were examined among adults from a dietary assessment and doubly labeled water study (n=250). Four web-based, 24-h recalls assessed dietary intake. SSB intake was categorized as no intake, 1-99 kcals per day and >99 kcals per day. Logistic regression models adjusted for total caloric intake, age, race, education and diet quality compared SSB intake with overweight/obese status. To investigate dietary self-reporting bias, analyses were replicated in a subset of 'true reporters': those with self-reported total caloric intake within 25% of total energy expenditure per doubly labeled water assessments (n=108). RESULTS: One-half of participants were overweight/obese; more overweight/obese participants consumed SSB than normal-weight participants (69% vs 47%; P<0.001). Intake of other beverages did not differ by adiposity. Less number of White participants (48%) consumed SSB compared with African-American participants (68%; P=0.002). Compared with no intake, SSB intake up to the median intake doubled the risk of being overweight/obese (odds ratio: 2.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.0-4.3; P=0.046) and SSB intake over the median more than doubled the risk (odds ratio: 2.6, 95% confidence interval: 1.2-6.0; P=0.018). When limited to true reporters, SSB intake significantly increased the risk of being overweight/obese by nearly fourfold. CONCLUSION: Underreporting of SSB intake may be attenuating true associations of SSB intake and the risk of being overweight/obese.
Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Bebidas Gaseosas , Sacarosa en la Dieta/efectos adversos , Obesidad/etiología , Agua , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Anciano , Índice de Masa Corporal , Bebidas Gaseosas/efectos adversos , Estudios Transversales , Ingestión de Energía , Metabolismo Energético , Conducta Alimentaria , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas Nutricionales , Obesidad/epidemiología , Obesidad/prevención & control , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, diabetes and kidney disease. The objective was to describe dietary intake, the dominant source of exposure to AGEs, with carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), a major AGE, in serum and urine, respectively. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Serum and urinary CML were measured in 261 adults, aged 21-69 years, and compared with diet as assessed by six separate 24-h dietary recalls. RESULTS: Median (25th, 75th percentile) serum and urinary CML concentrations were 686 (598, 803) µg/l and 1023 (812, 1238) µg/gm creatinine. There was no correlation between serum and urinary CML (r=-0.02, P=0.78). Serum CML was positively correlated with intake of soy, fruit juice, cold breakfast cereal, non-fat milk, whole grains, fruit, non-starchy vegetables and legumes, and negatively correlated with intake of red meat. Intake of fast food was not significantly correlated with serum CML. Urinary CML was positively correlated with intake of starchy vegetables, whole grains, sweets, nuts/seeds and chicken, and negatively correlated with intake of fast foods. Intake of AGE-rich foods such as fried chicken, French fries, bacon/sausage and crispy snacks were not significantly correlated with serum or urinary CML, except for a significant negative correlation between fried chicken and serum CML. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the high consumption of foods considered high in CML is not a major determinant of either serum or urinary CML. Further work is needed to understand the relationship of AGEs in blood and urine with the metabolism of dietary AGEs.
Asunto(s)
Dieta , Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/metabolismo , Lisina/análogos & derivados , Adulto , Anciano , Aterosclerosis/etiología , Diabetes Mellitus/etiología , Femenino , Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/sangre , Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/orina , Humanos , Enfermedades Renales/etiología , Lisina/sangre , Lisina/metabolismo , Lisina/orina , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The mechanisms underlying food choices are complex and involve neuroendocrine and biochemical signaling. Among neuroendocrine signals, leptin may play a prominent role in food preference. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to obtain an understanding of the effects of leptin replacement on macro- and micronutrient preferences in leptin-deficient adults. DESIGN: We studied the effects of leptin replacement on three adults with genetic leptin deficiency during the initial 12 months of treatment. Dietary intake was measured in our study by weighed food consumption records. Nutrient intake was calculated using a nutrition analysis software. RESULTS: After leptin replacement was started, all patients had initially a marked reduction in food intake. The reduction in caloric intake differentially affected intake of macro- and micronutrients. There was an initial shift toward a higher percentage consumption of fats and a decrease in the intake of carbohydrates. Significant differences also occurred in 7 distinct types of macronutrients, 12 vitamins, 11 minerals and 1 amino acid. CONCLUSIONS: We documented several specific leptin-induced changes in macro- and micronutrients intake during the course of leptin-replacement treatment, the majority of which were not related to the decrease in total caloric consumption.