Asunto(s)
Servicios Comunitarios de Salud Mental , Desinstitucionalización , Hospitales Psiquiátricos , Salud Mental , Servicios Comunitarios de Salud Mental/economía , Servicios Comunitarios de Salud Mental/organización & administración , Servicios Comunitarios de Salud Mental/normas , Desinstitucionalización/economía , Desinstitucionalización/organización & administración , Asignación de Recursos para la Atención de Salud/métodos , Asignación de Recursos para la Atención de Salud/organización & administración , Humanos , Salud Mental/economía , Salud Mental/normas , Evaluación de Necesidades , SudáfricaRESUMEN
Maize is most often infected by the fumonisin-producing Fusarium verticillioides. Total fumonisins of natural infected grain is made up of FB1, FB2 and FB3 with FB1 occurring naturally at higher levels. A maize plant can be infected with more than one F. verticillioides isolate, and finding a reliable method to elucidate the toxigenic potential of these isolates is important to extrapolate the possible fumonisin risk to consumers of grain. It is not clear whether F. verticillioides produces similar fumonisin levels, as well as fumonisin analogue ratios, across media. In this study, nine F. verticillioides isolates were subjected to three methods of fumonisin testing using liquid media, maize patties and a field trial (silk inoculation of grain) in Potchefstroom, South Africa. Spore concentrations of 1 × 106 conidia ml-1 of each isolate were used to inoculate the different media and levels fumonisin analogues were measured using HPLC. Fumonisin production per isolate was highly variable and was influenced by the two-way interaction of F. verticillioides isolate × growth media. Total fumonisins produced in the liquid medium ranged from 0 to 21.3 ppm, on maize patties fumonisins they ranged from 0 to 21.5 ppm, and in the silk inoculation technique they ranged from 0 to 15.5 ppm. The fumonisin analogue FB1 occurred at higher levels followed by FB3 in both in vitro studies. In the silk inoculation technique, fumonisin analogue FB2 was the second highest occurring analogue after FB1. Isolate GCI 282 produced higher FB2 and FB3 levels than FB1 in the patties and grain, respectively. In order not to miscalculate the fumonisin and analogue ratio levels per F. verticillioides isolate, the growth medium will have to be optimised for each isolate and more than one growth medium used.
Asunto(s)
Medios de Cultivo/farmacología , Fumonisinas/metabolismo , Fusarium/efectos de los fármacos , Fusarium/metabolismo , Fumonisinas/análisis , Fusarium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Fusarium/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
A trial was conducted in an area where organophosphate resistance to the green blowfly of sheep, Lucilia curpina WIED had been reported. Three formulations containing Propetamphos, namely an oil based pour-on, a grease based smear-on, and an emulsifiable concentrate were applied to 300 sheep in an attempt to compare the protection that this insecticide afforded, in preventing progressive blowfly strike. One hundred sheep were furthermore treated with an insecticide growth regulator, Cyromazine as a treated control group and a further 300 sheep were exposed as an untreated control group in order to monitor the level of blowfly strike in the area. It was found that the grease-based formulation protected the animals for 2 weeks against blowfly strike, both the pour-on and the emulsifiable concentrate formulation for 3 weeks, while the insect growth regulator afforded 4 weeks protection. It was concluded that if organophosphate resistant blowfly were present, the length of protection might be dosage related and that blowfly strike in sheep was almost equally controlled by Cyromazine and Propetamphos.