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Hundred one boys, aged between 1.5 and 13 years, previously classified for surgery for uni- or bilateral cryptorchidism were examined. In 78 patients (77.2%) cryptorchidism was diagnosed, including 51 cases (50.5%) of unilateral undescended testicle. In the remaining 23 boys (22.9%) migrating testes were found: unilateral in 6 cases (5.9%) and bilateral in 17 cases (16.8%). An improvement was achieved after HCG therapy in 21 cases of migrating testes (91.3%), partial improvement in 1 case (4.35%), and no effect in 1 case (4.35%). The treatment with HCG produced recovery in 20 cases (25.6%) of cryptorchidism, partial improvement in cases (23.2%), and no effect in 40 cases (51.2%). A complete recovery was achieved in 41 out of 101 patients, i.e. in 40.6%, partial improvement in 19 cases (18.6%), and no effect in 41 cases (40.6%). The treatment with HCG enabled an avoidance of unnecessary surgery in 40.6% of all examined boys.

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Changes in the biological value of sperm depending on the time of the first ejaculation are presented. A control group included 194 boys with normal puberty in whom a biologic value of sperm was evaluated in dependence of the first ejaculation. In all time points a biological value of sperm was significantly worse in the delayed puberty than that in the control group. Twenty four months following the first ejaculation sperm was not normal in any case whereas in the control group normospermia prevailed in this period of time.

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A structure of the convoluted tubuli, spermatogenesis and number of Leydig's cells in the andropause have been analysed in dependence on the degree of symptoms intensity. A control group included otherwise healthy men with ++post-inflammatory azoospermia. A percentage of the convoluted tubuli with normal tissue (p < .002) and spermatogenesis (p < .001) has been significantly decreased in andropause. The number of Leydig's cells has not differed in andropause and in a control group (p < .05). No difference of significance have been noted in the structure of convoluted tubuli, spermatogenesis, and Leydig's cells number depending on the intensity of symptoms. FSH and LH levels have been significantly increased in andropause (p < .001). No relationship between FSH and LH levels and percentage of the abnormal convoluted tubuli has been observed. However there have been a relationship between FSH and LH levels and the number of abnormal convoluted tubuli with spermatogenesis inhibition and intensified clinical symptoms. There has also been a relationship between FSH and LH levels and Leydig's cells number in patients with marked symptoms of andropause.

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We detected the presence of fructosamine in human and bovine semen. In seminal plasma of healthy normozoospermic men (N = 17) fructosamine was found in 53% of the cases (fru+). In fru+ semen samples the concentration of fructosamine was (mean +/- S.E.M., N = 9) 0.45 +/- 0.09 mmol/L and varied from 0.15 to 0.75 mmol/L. It was 3-12 times lower than in blood serum of healthy men. In semen of infertile men (N = 57) fructosamine was present only in 21% of the cases and its concentration was lower than in fertile men i.e. (mean +/- S.E.M., N = 12) 0.27 +/- 0.007 mmol/L. In bulls (N = 98) fructosamine was found in semen of 82% of animals. In fru+ semen samples the concentration of fructosamine was (mean +/- S.E.M., N = 80) 0.77 +/- 0.12 mmol/L and varied from 0.30 to 1.15 mmol/L. We did not find any correlation between the concentration of fructosamine on one hand, and that of fructose and glucose on the other hand, in either human or bull semen. The difference in the frequency of fructosamine appearance in semen of fertile and infertile men suggests that fructosamine may be in some way involved in the process of fertilisation.

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Changes in semen parameters are presented for 4708 patients treated for infertility. The largest group comprised patients with oligoasthenozoospermia of various grades (57.7%). Improvement in the seminal state was noted in 70.3%. The percentage of achieved normospermia increased proportionally to the initial semen state. Pregnancy rate also increased proportionally to the initial seminal state. Among the patients' wives 20.4% conceived: 28.2% of these pregnancies had occurred after having achieved normospermia, while in 71.8% the seminal states were still below the accepted normal values.

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Blood plasma testosterone (T), estradiol (E2) levels and gonadal reserve in 43 patients aged between 50 and 66 years with andropause symptoms have been determined. The patients were divided into 3 subgroups depending on the severity of the symptoms. No significant difference was noted in T level of these patients compared to the range in younger males as well as a control group of corresponding age but with no andropausal symptoms. E2 level was significantly elevated in the observed group compared to the two control groups. No difference was noted in T and E2 levels between the 3 subgroups of the andropausal patients. Gonadal reserve in the observed group was significantly lower compared to the control groups of the younger males. No significant difference was noted in the gonadal reserve between 3 subgroups of the andropausal patients.

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A group of 43 male patients aged between 50 and 67 years with the symptoms of andropause in presented. The patients were divided into three groups depending on the degree of the symptoms. Such a classification may facilitate a choice of therapeutical methods.

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The plasma level of testosterone, FSH and LH were determined simultaneously in spermatic and cubital veins in 12 patients with varicocele. The testosterone levels in spermatic veins were 13.4 +/- 5.3 times higher than in cubital veins. FSH and LH levels were higher in cubital than in spermatic vein. No correlation was found between the number of spermatozoa in 1 ml of semen, and the level of the three hormones studied, either in the cubital or in spermatic vein.

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Semen specimens from 134 pubertal boys were examined, and some 274 assays were made. An analysis of the biological quality of semen in relation to the period of time after first ejaculation brings high values of statistical dependence of the volume of semen, its liquefaction, spermatozoal concentration, percentage of morphologically normal forms of spermatozoa, and normal spermatozoal motility on the period of time after first ejaculation. Normal figures for semen volume, semen liquefaction, spermatozoal concentration, and morphology are observed 12-14 months after first ejaculation. The percentage of normally motile spermatozoa becomes standard 21-23 months after first ejaculation. There were changes in semen characteristics from azoospermia through cryptozoospermia, oligozoospermia, and asthenozoospermia to normospermia. Azoospermia dominates until the fifth month after the first ejaculation, oligozoospermia from the sixth to the eleventh month, asthenozoospermia from the twelfth to the twentieth month, and normospermia from the twenty-first month.

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Semen specimens from 134 pubertal boys were examined and compared to bone age. Normal figures for semen volume, liquefaction, sperm concentration, and morphology were observed between 15 0/12 and 16 0/12 years of bone age. The number of normally motile spermatozoa became standard at 17 0/12 years of bone age. Azoospermia was noted from 13 0/12 to 14 0/12 years of bone age, oligozoospermia from 14 0/12 to 15 0/12, asthenozoospermia from 16 0/12 to 17 0/12, and normospermia from 17 0/12 on.

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The biological quality of semen in 134 pubertal boys was contrasted with somatosexual development. The absence or sparcity of pubic and axillary hair, the absence of facial hair, and infantile-type penile growth are prominent characteristics in azoospermic and cryptozoospermic boys. Sparse or meager pubic hair, absence or sparcity of axillary and facial hair, and puerile penile type are characteristics in oligozoospermia. Female or male pubic hair, meager or normal axillary hair, sparse facial hair, and puerile penile type are characteristic of asthenozoospermia. Female or male pubic hair, meager or normal axillary hair, sparse facial hair, and adult penile type are characteristic in normospermia. Along with the improvement of semen quality the area of the testis expanded and was the largest in normospermia.

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The biological quality of semen was contrasted with levels of FSH, LH, and testosterone in plasma. The level of FSH rises significantly from azoospermia/cryptozoospermia (3.87 +/- 1.1 mU/ml) to asthenozoospermia (5.73 +/- 2.11 mU/ml). In normospermia, however (4.63 +/- 1.88 mU/ml), the level of FSH decreases in a statistically significant manner and remains at the standard level. Comparing the level of LH to the quality of semen, it rises in a statistically significant manner from azoospermia/cryptozoospermia (6.46 +/- 1.35 mU/ml) to oligozoospermia (9.03 +/- 3.35 mU/ml). The level decreases in a statistically significant manner in normospermia (7.15 +/- 1.69 mU/ml). The level of testosterone shows a progressive linear growth from azoospermia/cryptozoospermia (6.03 +/- 2.09 micrograms/ml) to normospermia (6.55 +/- 2.12 micrograms/ml). The growth is statistically insignificant.

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In a group of 102 adult patients operated upon for cryptorchism heterotopic adrenal tissue was found in two cases. In one case it was present in the inguinal canal and in another case it was situated at the border between the testicle and rete testis.

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The testosterone, FSH and LH plasma levels were determined simultaneously in spermatic and cubital veins in 15 patients with post-inflammatory azoospermia. The testosterone levels in spermatic vein was 13,1 +/- 2,9 times higher than in cubital vein. FSH spermatic plasma level was slightly higher than in cubital vein, whereas LH spermatic plasma level did not differ from that found in the cubital vein.

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Neurological and endocrinological studies were carried out in 8 of 12 male patients with X-linked spinal muscular atrophy. In six investigated cases, gynaecomastia was discovered. First muscle symptoms started between 21 and 44 years of age, at which time the patients observed disturbances in their sexual life. In three cases decreased fertility and in two cases sterility was reported. Diagnostic testicular biopsy showed pronounced involutional changes of the Leydig cells. The plasma testosterone level was decreased, while the levels of luteinizing hormone and prolactine were normal, and the follicle stimulating hormone was at a high normal level. The dexamethasone/human chorionic gonadotrophin test revealed a pronounced decrease in the functional reserve of the Leydig cells. It is suggested that all these anomalies are connected with an increased ratio of oestrogen to androgen level.

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An evaluation of testicular function was undertaken in 11 boys and young men aged 14-26 years suffering from rheumatoid arthritis complicated by amyloidosis and treated with cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil. 7 cases were studied during life and 4 at autopsy. Semen analysis showed azoospermia in 4 cases; in one, cryptozoospermia; in one, oligoasthenotheratozoospermia; and in one, asthenoteratozoospermia. In 4 patients with azoospermia and in one with cryptozoospermia, testicular biopsy was done for histo-pathological examination. In patients with azoospermia, only Sertoli cells were present in the seminiferous tubules. In one patient with cryptozoospermia, normal spermato- and spermiogenesis was found only in occasional seminiferous tubules. Microscopic examination of the testis failed to show any changes in the structure of the interstitial gland in any of the patients. Amyloid deposits were found in the vascular walls of the interstitial gland in one patient only. The serum testosterone level was depressed in 3 patients of the 9 examined. The LH level was elevated in 2 patients. The mean value of testosterone-LH ratio was significantly lower in patients treated with alkylating agents as compared with patients not so treated. Serum FSH level was elevated in 6 patients. Post-mortem examination of the testis in 4 patients showed complete absence of the germinal epithelium and only the presence of Sertoli cells. In 2 cases, amyloid deposits were found in the vascular walls in the rete testis. It was concluded that alkylating agents, besides damaging the testicular germinal epithelium, also affect the function of Leydig cells.

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