RESUMEN
In this paper, we have assessed the role of changing physicochemical parameters and substrate types on the production of α-amylase enzyme from Penicillium chrysogenum, with a view to determining the optimal conditions required for its maximum production. The findings of this research revealed that, at pH 6 using linseed oil cake as substratum, α-amylase enzyme production was maximum (550.0 U/mL), when the fungi was incubated for 6 days at 30 °C in 0.1 M acetate buffer. Further, reasonably good production of the α-amylase enzyme was also observed at pH 9 with all the experimented carbon sources as substrates. Moreover, statistical analysis, using analysis of variance (ANOVA) carried out to study the impact of different studied parameters on the α-amylase enzyme production revealed that incubation period of 6-18 days is highly significant (p = 0.01) factor in amylotic activity of the P. chrysogenum. Under the researched out optimal conditions, P. chrysogenum is an economically viable option for the industrial and biotechnological production of α-amylase enzyme.
Asunto(s)
Medios de Cultivo/química , Penicillium chrysogenum/enzimología , Penicillium chrysogenum/metabolismo , alfa-Amilasas/biosíntesis , Fermentación , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Aceite de Linaza/metabolismo , Penicillium chrysogenum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Temperatura , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Variations in drug metabolizing genes are known to have a clinical impact on AED therapy. We genotyped normal and epileptic patient cohorts of monoethnic population of Kashmir valley for CYP2C9 gene and allelic polymorphism and investigated the effect of CYP2C9*2 and *3 polymorphism on the Pharmacokinetic and therapeutic and/or adverse pharmacodynamic responses to Phenytoin in the idiopathic epilepsy patients. METHODS: PCR-RFLP methods were used for genotyping of 121 normal controls and 92 idiopathic epilepsy patients for CYP2C9*2 and *3 polymorphism, the results were validated by direct sequencing. Phenytoin pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis in idiopathic epilepsy patients was done using a validated EMIT assay technique. Pharmacodynamic analysis was done by evaluating clinical response to phenytoin therapy and ADR monitoring. RESULTS: The respective frequencies of CYP2C9 *1, *2, and *3 alleles were 64%, 6.6%, 29.3%, and 58%, 9.8%, 32.6% in controls and idiopathic epilepsy patients from Kashmir valley. PK analysis revealed that AUC0â4 was a better surrogate biomarker of CYP2C9 metabolizer status compared to C4 and C0 concentrations alone. A comparison of âphenytoin response categoriesâ among CYP2C9 Wild and Heterozygous groups did not reveal any significant difference between the groups (p=0.3800). CONCLUSION: CYP2C9* 3 was the most frequent mutant allele found in healthy controls and idiopathic epilepsy patients of ethnic Kashmiri population. CYP2C9 genotype based phenytoin therapy is highly relevant in Kashmiri population due to a high incidence of genetic variations associated with therapeutic and adverse responses to phenytoin. Phenytoin AUC0â4 tends to correlate better with genetic polymorphism of CYP2C9.