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This study designed a novel high-temperature corrosion-resistant alloy through thermodynamic equilibrium computations. The strength was determined by the integration of precipitation-strengthening species of nickel boride and tungsten solid solution strengthening, while high-temperature corrosion-resistant property was realized through optimized compositional design. Phase stability was enabled by the presence of a face-centered cubic structure. The alloy was fabricated and its corrosion-resistance performance was experimentally compared with other commercially available nickel- and iron-based alloys under simulated municipal solid waste combustion. The designed alloy with a composition of Ni-5B-6W-28Cr-13Al showed a low corrosion rate of ∼72 % < 13CrMo4-5TS and 1.08 % > Inconel 625. Economic analysis showed that Ni-5B-6W-28Cr-13Al has a cost-effectiveness ratio of 1:1.57 with respect to Inconel 625 and 1:0.09 with respect to 13CrMo4-5TS. Corrosion-resistance mechanism was explored using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray diffractometer, and DFT computations. The corrosion resistance occurred through the formation of a uniform tungsten-chromium-oxide film which inhibits inward diffusion of corrosive chlorine species. These findings provide insights into the development of alloys for high-temperature technologies.

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An artificial neural network (ANN) is a biologically inspired computational technique that imitates the behavior and learning process of the human brain. In this study, ANN technique was applied to assess the gasification of municipal solid waste (MSW) with the aim of enhancing the H2 production. The experiments were conducted using a horizontal tube reactor under different parameters: temperatures, MSW loadings, residence times, and equivalence ratios. The input and output variables (released gases) were tested and trained using back-propagation algorithm, and the data distribution by K-fold contrivance. The values of the training (80% data) and validation (20% data) dataset were found satisfactory. The values of regression coefficient (R2) for the training phase were lied between 0.9392 and 0.9991, and 0.9363 and 0.993824 for the testing phase. Whereas; the values of root mean square error (RSME) for the training phase were lied between 0.4111 and 0.8422, and between 0.1476 and 0.7320 for the testing phase. Higher H2 production of 42.1 vol% was produced at the higher reaction temperature of 900 °C with LHV of 11.2 MJ/Nm3. According to the tar analysis, the dominant compounds were aromatics (17 compounds) followed by polycyclic aromatic, phenyl, aliphatic, aromatic heterocyclic, polycyclic, and aromatic ketone compounds.

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This study explored the composition and energy potential of university solid waste (USW) in China. Five combustible components, namely hard plastics (HP), paper (PP), soft plastics (SP), biomass (BM), and rubber (RB), were screened with the compositions 51%, 29%, 9%, 4%, and 3%, respectively. Each USW sample was gasified using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) at the heating rates of 5, 10, and 15 ℃/min and a final process temperature of 900 ℃. Thermal weight loss (TG) curves exposed the degradation in the order HP > SP > RB > BM > PP. Derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) peaks revealed that HP, PP, BM, and SP were degraded in three temperature-oriented phases in the range 172-731 ℃. The RB took an additional phase in the range 584-660 ℃. Major released gases, H2, CH4, CO, and CO2, were detected using MS via mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios. Higher H2 and total gas yield produced in the case of the HP dominated other materials at the lower heating rate of 5 ℃/min. Validation of data was assessed by equating experimental and calculated curves; therefore, the regression coefficient (R2) ranged between 0.884 and 0.997. The kinetics of the process were estimated by applying the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) model at the conversion rates (α) of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8, which presented reasonable results. Overall, the lower heating rates supported higher thermal conversion and a high quantity of gaseous products for all the components.

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Municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ashes are characterized by high calcium oxide (CaO) content. Carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption by MSWI fly ash was discussed based on thermogravimetry (TG)/differential thermal analysis (DTA), minerology analysis, and adapting the Stenoir equation. TG/DTA analysis showed that the weight gain of the fly ash below 440 °C was as high as 5.70 %. An adapted Stenoir equation for MSWI fly ash was discussed. The chloride in MSWI fly ash has a major impact on CO2 adsorption by MSWI fly ash or air pollution control (APC) residues. Geochemical modeling of the critical trace elements copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and antimony (Sb) before and after carbonation was performed using a thermodynamic equilibrium model for solubility and a surface complexation model for metal sorption. Leaching of critical trace elements was generally found to be strongly dependent on the degree of carbonation attained, and their solubility appeared to be controlled by several minerals. Adsorption on ferrum (Fe) and aluminum (Al) colloids was also responsible for removal of the trace elements Cd, Pb, and Sb. We used Hakanson's potential ecological risk index (HPERI) to evaluate the risk of trace element leaching in general. The results demonstrate that the ecological risk showed a V-shaped dependency on pH; the optimum pH of the carbonated fly ash was found to be 10.3-11, resulting from the optimum carbonation (liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio = 0.25, carbonation duration = ∼30-48 h). The dataset and modeling results presented here provide a contribution to assessing the leaching behavior of MSWI fly ash under a wide range of conditions.

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The possibility of producing calcium sulphoaluminate cement (CSA) by adding municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash to raw meal was investigated. After subjecting MSWI fly ash to accelerated carbonation and washing with water (ACW), various amounts (i.e., 5, 10 and 15 wt%) of the treated ash were added to raw meal composed of a mixture of bauxite, limestone and gypsum. The mixtures were sintered in a laboratory-scale muffle furnace at temperatures of 1250°, 1300°, 1325° and 1350 °C for various durations. The influence of different quantities of MSWI fly ash on the mineralogy, major phase composition and strength development of the resulting clinker was studied, as was the effect of ash treatments on leaching and volatilization of trace elements. The ACW treatment reduced the volatilization ratio of trace elements during the clinkerization process. Volatilization ratios for lead, cadmium and zinc were 21.5%, 33.6% and 16.3%, respectively, from the ACW fly ash treatment, compared with ratios of 97.5%, 93.1% and 85.2% from untreated fly ash. The volatilization ratios of trace elements were ordered as follows: untreated fly ash > carbonated fly ash > carbonated and water-washed fly ash. The ACW process also reduced the chloride content in the MSWI fly ash by 90 wt% and prevented high concentrations of trace elements in the effluents.

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