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1.
Cureus ; 15(2): e34735, 2023 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36909038

RESUMEN

Zika virus infection (ZIKV) was one of the most catastrophic epidemics. ZIKV in nonpregnant women is mild and sometimes asymptomatic. However, infection during pregnancy leads to congenital malformations in the fetus, while maternal signs of infection are preceded by a rash. The maternal-fetal infection begins with a rash that occurs early during pregnancy. The most severe pathologies were related to the first trimester of gestation, including microcephaly, musculoskeletal, genitourinary, craniofacial, ocular, and pulmonary manifestations. The prognosis may not be encouraging. Herd immunity increases CD8+ (cytotoxic T-lymphocytes) earlier and decreases in the resolution phase. However, CD4+ (T-helper cells) remains higher after infection. Recent ongoing vaccine development shows good immunity, control of the vector (Aedes mosquitoes), and treatment. ZIKV, anomalies, mortality, herd immunity, and vaccine were our main keywords. This systematic review demonstrates the teratogenesis of ZIKV in children, congenital anomalies, mortality, and a view of the future and behavior of ZIKV.

2.
Cureus ; 14(9): e29118, 2022 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36259026

RESUMEN

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that is challenging to treat due to its progressive nature and its weaning response to therapy. Safinamide, a monoamine oxidase type-B inhibitor (MAOB-I), has shown promise in managing dyskinesias caused by levodopa (L-dopa), carbidopa, and PD features such as pain and depression. This systematic review aimed to evaluate safinamide's efficacy as a monotherapy and an add-on in tackling these issues. We composed this systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Our group searched the following databases: Manchester University Library, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, PubMed, PubMed Central, and MedLine for articles produced in the last ten years using various search terms and criteria, which we outlined in the search strategy and eligibility criteria sections. We excluded 722 out of the initially screened 730 records for multiple reasons, such as titles and abstracts being irrelevant to the topic, articles without free full access, articles originally not in the English language, and articles that did not score 70% or above on their respective quality assessment tools. The studies explored supported safinamide's use in managing motor fluctuations, pain, depression, and improving patients' quality of life.

3.
Cureus ; 14(8): e28545, 2022 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36185901

RESUMEN

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant condition of the colon and rectum. Generally, malignancies constitute a significant health threat to humans, and the result can be devastating. CRC is no exception. The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome has long been suspected of impacting CRC. This review seeks to explore whether there is a connection between the two or not. For screening purposes, relevant articles were culled from various databases using key terms and phrases. Following a thorough search, the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and a quality assessment was conducted. The articles retained were comprehensively studied, and revealed imbalances of the GI microbiome do indeed exhibit an association with CRC.

4.
Cureus ; 14(8): e27683, 2022 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36072216

RESUMEN

Neurogenic heterotopic ossification (NHO) is the formation of mature lamellar bone in peri-articular tissues following a neurological insult, most commonly traumatic brain injury (TBI) or spinal cord injury (SCI). NHO is a debilitating condition associated with significant morbidity and reduced quality of life. However, its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. While surgery is the mainstay of treatment once NHO has been diagnosed, prophylactic options are limited and not well studied. This review aimed to determine the efficacy of various interventions used in the primary prevention of NHO. We conducted an electronic literature search using five databases (PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)) for records published until April 10, 2022. We identified 2,610 potentially eligible records across all databases. Nine reports met our eligibility criteria and were included in this review. Four were clinical trials (three randomized control trials, one nonrandomized trial), four were observational studies, and one was a systematic review/meta-analysis. The medications/interventions used included: warfarin, pulse low-intensity electromagnetic field therapy (PLIMF), bisphosphonates, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We did not find conclusive evidence to recommend the use of bisphosphonates and warfarin in the prevention of NHO. On the contrary, we found NSAIDs and PLIMF as effective prophylactic options based on the results of high-quality randomized control trials. Further prospective randomized studies with prolonged follow-ups are needed to confirm the long-term efficacy of these preventive interventions.

5.
Cureus ; 14(7): e27475, 2022 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36060344

RESUMEN

To achieve adequate airway management in maxillofacial procedures, the right intubation technique should be employed. This is because the surgeons and the anesthesiologists will need to work in the same surgical field to ensure a successful procedure. The type of intubation method used can either complicate either's role or pose some difficulties in the surgery itself. Nasotracheal intubation and orotracheal intubation may often be contraindicated in different types of maxillofacial surgeries and due to the complications associated with a tracheostomy, this method is often utilized as a last resort. Submental intubation has become very popular and favored alternative and has been associated with fewer complications. This literature review was conducted to explore the indications, complications, and contraindications of the different intubation methods. Sources were gathered from PubMed Central, PubMed, and Google scholar and included articles published between 2012 and 2022. A mix of literature reviews, case base studies, retrospective studies, prospective studies, and a few systematic reviews were examined. It was found that the use of submental intubation was preferred due to its less invasive nature, minimal intraoperatively and postoperatively complications, and greater patient compliance compared to tracheostomy. In addition, it is the best method when Nasotracheal intubation is contraindicated.

6.
Cureus ; 14(7): e27441, 2022 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36060385

RESUMEN

As the globe continues to grapple and scuffle with new emerging strains of COVID every day, a set of recovered patients continue to show persistent enervating symptoms. Many patients never fully recovered after COVID and had neurological and psychiatric symptoms for weeks or months. The emphasis of our study is on these long haulers, particularly on the two critical organ systems of the body, i.e., the central nervous system and the muscular system. Depending upon the severity of the disease, many signs and symptoms continue to linger, ranging from weeks to months. A total of 29 studies are included in our review after thorough screening, application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, and quality appraisals. The total number of patients included is 6012. We found many long-term effects, but the emphasis of our study continued to remain on the two main organ systems that resulted in prolonged COVID with debilitating symptoms and thus affected the quality of life of these patients. Various factors and underlying pathophysiologic manifestations result in the predominance of these signs and symptoms. Furthermore, the patient's underlying medical conditions and other environmental factors may add to it. More focus is required on the quality of life post-COVID, and this requires a team of specialists. There are still many unanswered questions like which ethnicity is affected more, why females are more prone to the long symptoms, and the effects of various treatments on the long-term signs and symptoms.

7.
Cureus ; 14(8): e27691, 2022 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36081982

RESUMEN

Gastrointestinal motility disorders have been thought to occur due to an imbalance in the interaction of the gut-brain axis, which is regulated by serotonin. This recent discovery can be exploited to find newer therapeutic agents such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for functional gastrointestinal disorders. PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), and Medline databases were used to obtain the data. Meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized control trials, and reviews were included and analyzed in the data. Of the 19240 studies, 23 were extracted, and after appropriate quality assessment, they were utilized in this systematic review. They included two meta-analyses, four systematic reviews, two randomized control trials, and 15 review articles. The systematic review focuses on the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as compared to other treatment modalities for disorders of gut-brain interaction. It explores various studies analyzing SSRIs for their mechanism of action, their desirable effects for treating irritable bowel syndrome, and their tolerability in patients. SSRIs are effective and safe in treating overall symptoms of gastrointestinal motility disorders, particularly constipation-predominant disorders. They seem to have a better side effect profile than other drugs. This should encourage physicians to prescribe SSRIs early on in the disease.

8.
Cureus ; 14(8): e28337, 2022 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36176876

RESUMEN

Most patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) seek hospital care because of pain symptoms. While some patients opt to treat themselves at home, some prefer to seek treatment in a hospital setting. There are, however, some patients with more complicated effects of the disease who seek treatment so often that they have been termed "super-users." This paper seeks to determine, across the board, the treatments available for vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC), the most common complication of SCD. Due to the frequency and unpredictable nature of VOC, it is no surprise that the lives of so many patients dealing with SCD are constantly disrupted by this complication. Treatments that reduce the frequency of VOC and the need for hospital admissions will help these patients find some semblance of balance in their quality of life.

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