RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Health threats during mass gatherings, such as the FIFA world cup 2014 differ from traditional health risks. The influence of event type, demographics of attendees and environmental conditions are still not fully understood. METHODS: An observational, prospective case-control survey conducted at the Frankfurt international airport in Germany on 544 travelers to the FIFA world cup 2014 and 432 regular travelers to Brazil departing after the end of the world cup. RESULTS: Travelers to the FIFA world cup 2014 were predominantly male whereas the gender distribution in the control group was more balanced. The majority in both groups obtained insect bites and sunburns as environmental risk factors. Every third traveler suffered from diarrheal complaints in both groups, whereas the proportion of travelers with flu-like symptoms was higher in the case group. Travelers to the FIFA world cup 2014 indicated alcohol intake and sexual contacts outside of a relationship more frequently than travelers in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The additional health risks of travelers to sporting events as the FIFA world cup 2014 should be addressed in addition to traditional health threats in pre-travel counseling for the Summer Olympic Games 2016 in Brazil.
Asunto(s)
Salud Pública , Fútbol , Deportes , Viaje , Adulto , Atletas , Brasil , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
The anoxic earthworm gut augments the activity of ingested microorganisms capable of anaerobiosis. Small earthworms (Lumbricidae) emit denitrification-derived N(2)O, whereas the large Octochaetus multiporus (Megascolecidae) does not. To examine this paradox, differently sized species of the families Glossoscolecidae (Rhinodrilus, Glossoscolex, Pontoscolex), Megascolecidae (Amynthas, Perionyx), Acanthodrilidae (Dichogaster), and Eudrilidae (Eudrilus) from Brazil were analyzed. Small species and the large Rhinodrilus alatus emitted N(2)O, whereas the large Glossoscolex paulistus did not, even though its gut could denitrify. N(2) and N(2)O were emitted concomitantly, and R. alatus emitted the highest amount of N(2). Denitrifiers and dissimilatory nitrate reducers were analyzed by barcoded amplicon pyrosequencing of narG, nirK, and nosZ. Gene sequences in gut and soil of the large G. paulistus were similar, whereas sequences in gut and soil of the small Amynthas gracilis were different and were also different compared with those of the gut and soil of G. paulistus. However, the denitrifying gut microbiota for both earthworms appeared to be soil-derived and dominated by Rhizobiales. The results demonstrated that (1) the emission of denitrification-derived N(2)O is widespread in different earthworm families, (2) large earthworms can also emit nitrogenous gases, and (3) ingested members of Rhizobiales are associated with this emission.
Asunto(s)
Desnitrificación , Nitratos/metabolismo , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Óxido Nitroso/metabolismo , Oligoquetos/metabolismo , Animales , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Brasil , Tracto Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Tracto Gastrointestinal/microbiología , Nitrato-Reductasa/clasificación , Nitrato-Reductasa/genética , Nitratos/farmacología , Oligoquetos/clasificación , Oxidorreductasas/clasificación , Oxidorreductasas/genética , Suelo/química , Microbiología del SueloRESUMEN
Earthworms emit denitrification-derived nitrous oxide and fermentation-derived molecular hydrogen. The present study demonstrated that the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae, obtained in Brazil, emitted methane. Other worms displayed a lesser or no capacity to emit methane. Gene and transcript analyses of mcrA (encoding the alpha subunit of methyl-CoM reductase) in gut contents of E. eugeniae suggested that Methanosarcinaceae, Methanobacteriaceae, and Methanomicrobiaceae might be associated with this emission.