RESUMEN
Little is known about the successional dynamics of insects in the highly threatened tropical dry forest (TDF) ecosystem. For the first time, we studied the response of carabid beetles to vegetal succession and seasonality in this ecosystem in Colombia. Carabid beetles were collected from three TDF habitat types in two regions in Colombia: initial successional state (pasture), early succession, and intermediate succession (forest). The surveys were performed monthly for 13 months in one of the regions (Armero) and during two months, one in the dry and one in the wet season, in the other region (Cambao). A set of environmental variables were recorded per month at each site. Twenty-four carabid beetle species were collected during the study. Calosoma alternans and Megacephala affinis were the most abundant species, while most species were of low abundance. Forest and pasture beetle assemblages were distinct, while the early succession assemblage overlapped with these assemblages. Canopy cover, litter depth, and soil and air temperatures were important in structuring the assemblages. Even though seasonality did not affect the carabid beetle assemblage, individual species responded positively to the wet season. It is shown that early successional areas in TDF could potentially act as habitat corridors for species to recolonize forest areas, since these successional areas host a number of species that inhabit forests and pastures. Climatic variation, like the El Niño episode during this study, appears to affect the carabid beetle assemblage negatively, exasperating concerns of this already threatened tropical ecosystem.
RESUMEN
Introducción: Los trabajos en Colombia se han acrecentado ante la necesidad de buscar vías para conocer la diversidad que aloja este complejo país y sus ecosistemas, así como la prioridad de protección a lo largo y extenso del mismo. Así, conocer los ecosistemas boyacenses y altoandinos no es la excepción. Objetivo: Proporcionar información sobre la diversidad y estructura del Macizo Bijagual, área de alta montaña definida como corredor biológico, en cuyo interior se encuentran formaciones de páramo (2 990-3 460 m) y bosque altoandino (2 682-3 268 m). Métodos: El muestreo consistió en 27 transectos aleatorios en bosque altoadino (100 x 2.5 m) y 13 en páramo (10 x 5 m), se registraron datos de abundancia, forma de crecimiento, altura, cobertura, DAP y área basal. Se realizaron análisis de diversidad (H', D y Jaccard), de estructura vertical y horizontal. Resultados: La riqueza estimada fue de 429 especies en 86 familias, la similitud no supera el 46 % entre unidades de muestreo, dato que apoya la heterogeneidad de Bijagual. Se registraron 10 777 individuos en bosque, las hierbas (2 595/104) y árboles (2 189/67) fueron los más abundantes y ricos; en páramo 3 337 individuos, con dominancia de hierbas (en frailejonal, arbustal y pajonal), rosetas (en frailejonal y pajonal) y arbustos (en arbustal). Especies con representatividad ecológica (IVI) fueron: Clusia multiflora, C. elliptica, C. alata, Weinmannia rollottii, Brunellia comocladifolia y Viburnum triphyllum. Conclusión: Estos resultados confirman la singularidad de estos ecosistemas de alta montaña y la necesidad de mantener la heterogeneidad aun existente ante la incidencia de los procesos de transformación del suelo. Lo anterior, apoyado en el alto recambio de especies entre unidades de muestreo, la dominancia por tipos fisionómicos y la importancia ecológica que exhiben las especies arbóreas y arbustivas en bosque y aquellas frecuentes en páramo. Este estudio define a Bijagual como un corredor con alta diversidad biológica.
Introduction: Colombia has increased research due to the necessity of knowing the country´s biodiversity and ecosystems, as well as to establish priorities for their protection throughout the national territory. The knowledge of the Boyacá ecosystems and the high Andes are not an exception. Objective: This work provides information on diversity and structure of the Bijagual Massif, a high mountain area defined as a biological corridor, with paramo (2 900 - 3 460 masl) and high Andean forest (2 682 -3 268 masl) ecosystems. Methods: Sampling consisted of 27 random transects in the high Andean forest (100 x 2.5 m) and 13 in the paramo (10 x 5 m). We recorded abundance data, growth form, height, coverage, DAP and basal area. We calculated diversity analyses (H', D and Jaccard), of vertical and horizontal structure. Results: Estimated species richness of 429 species in 86 families. Similarity does not exceed 46 % between sampling units, data that supports the heterogeneity of the Bijagual Massif. We recorded 10 777 individuals in the forest. The most abundant and richest growth forms were herbs (2 595/104) and trees (2 189/67), while lower in abundance and richness were vines (466/29). In the paramo 3 337 individuals, with a dominance of herbs (in frailejonal, shrubs and pajonal), rosettes (in frailejonal and pajonal) and shrubs. Species with ecological representativeness are: Clusia multiflora, C. elliptica, C. alata, Weinmannia rollottii, Brunellia comocladifolia and Viburnum triphyllum. Conclusion: These results confirm the uniqueness of these high mountain ecosystems and the need to maintain the heterogeneity before the occurence of soil transformation processes. The last, is supported by the high species turnover among sampling units, the dominance per physiognomic type, and the ecological significance of arboreal and shrub species in the forest and those that reoccur in the paramo. Here we define Bijagual, as a biological corridor with great biodiversity.
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Ecosistema Andino , Factores Abióticos , Factores Bióticos , Muestreo , ColombiaRESUMEN
Etiology of acute undifferentiated febrile syndrome (AUFS) is often unknown, leading to inaccurate diagnosis and treatment. Villeta town has been identified as an endemic area for spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsioses but little is known about possible amplifier hosts and other Rickettsia species different from Rickettsia rickettsii. Besides, few studies have approached other AUFS etiologies in the region. We investigated the role of dengue, leptospirosis, rickettsioses, human anaplasmosis, and Q fever as possible causes of AUFS in patients from Villeta. Sera specimens and ticks from animals as well as ticks from vegetation were studied for the presence of different Rickettsia spp. Among 104 sera from patients with AUFS, 16.4%, 24.0%, and 2.9% patients seroconverted to dengue, Leptospira, and SFG Rickettsia, respectively, with a case of probable coinfection or cross-reaction with Anaplasma phagocytophilum. None of the samples were reactive for Coxiella burnetii. Sera samples from 74 horses, 118 dogs, and 62 bovines were collected and showed 33.8%, 14.4%, and 50.0% of seroprevalence for SFG Rickettsia, respectively. A total of 1,287 ixodid ticks were collected from animals/vegetation and processed in pools for polymerase chain reaction. Among them, 1.7% was positive for Rickettsia genes, and Rickettsia amblyommii, R. rickettsii, and Rickettsia spp. were found. These results confirm the circulation of dengue, different SFG Rickettsia species and the relevance of other etiologies like leptospirosis and human anaplasmosis. Further studies must identify different epidemiological variables to establish proper surveillance and control programs.
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Infecciones por Rickettsia/microbiología , Rickettsia/clasificación , Garrapatas/microbiología , Enfermedad Aguda , Adolescente , Adulto , Animales , Niño , Colombia/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Mamíferos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infecciones por Rickettsia/epidemiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/epidemiología , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/veterinaria , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Rickettsia felis es el agente etiológico de la fiebre manchada transmitida por pulgas, cuyo principal vector y reservorio es Ctenocephalides felis . Típicamente, la enfermedad se presenta como fiebre aguda asociada a cefalea, astenia, exantema máculo-papular generalizado y, en algunos casos, con escara de inoculación. En los últimos años, R. felis ha venido adquiriendo un papel importante en la etiología del síndrome febril agudo, calificándola como una enfermedad emergente y subdiagnosticada. La inmunofluorescencia indirecta es actualmente el método diagnóstico de referencia. Sin embargo, esta técnica presenta limitaciones relacionadas con la reacción cruzada que existe entre las diferentes especies del género Rickettsia . En el presente reporte se describe el caso de un paciente de 16 años con síndrome febril agudo secundario a infección probable por R. felis .
Rickettsia felis is the etiologic agent of flea-borne spotted fever, with Ctenocephalides felis as its main vector and reservoir. Typically, the disease presents as acute fever associated with headache, asthenia, generalized maculo-papular rash, and in some cases, an inoculation eschar. In recent years, R. felis has acquired an important role in the etiology of the acute febrile syndrome; it is indeed an emerging infectious disease, albeit underdiagnosed. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) is currently the reference diagnostic method. However, this technique has limitations related to the cross reactivity among different species of rickettsiae. Herein, we describe a case of a 16 year-old patient with an acute febrile syndrome secondary to probable infection with R. felis.
Asunto(s)
Adolescente , Animales , Gatos , Perros , Humanos , Masculino , Ctenocephalides/microbiología , Infecciones por Rickettsia/diagnóstico , Rickettsia felis/aislamiento & purificación , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Dengue/diagnóstico , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Caballos , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Leucopenia/etiología , Infecciones por Rickettsia/sangre , Infecciones por Rickettsia/transmisión , Rickettsia felis/inmunología , Trombocitopenia/etiologíaRESUMEN
Rickettsia felis is the etiologic agent of flea-borne spotted fever, with Ctenocephalides felis as its main vector and reservoir. Typically, the disease presents as acute fever associated with headache, asthenia, generalized maculo-papular rash, and in some cases, an inoculation eschar. In recent years, R. felis has acquired an important role in the etiology of the acute febrile syndrome; it is indeed an emerging infectious disease, albeit underdiagnosed. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) is currently the reference diagnostic method. However, this technique has limitations related to the cross reactivity among different species of rickettsiae. Herein, we describe a case of a 16 year-old patient with an acute febrile syndrome secondary to probable infection with R. felis.