RESUMEN

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are used in the treatment of epilepsy, a neurodegenerative disease characterized by recurrent and untriggered seizures that aim to prevent seizures as a symptomatic treatment. However, they still have significant side effects as well as drug resistance. In recent years, especially 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 1,2,4-triazoles have attracted attention in preclinical and clinical studies as important drug candidates owing to their anticonvulsant properties. Therefore, in this study, which was conducted to discover AED candidate molecules with reduced side effects at low doses, a series of chiral 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-thiadiazoles (4a-d) and 4,5-disubstituted-1,2,4-triazole-3 thiones (5a-d) were designed and synthesized starting from l-phenylalanine ethyl ester hydrochloride. The anticonvulsant activities of the new chiral compounds were assessed in several animal seizure models in mice and rats for initial (phase I) screening after their chemical structures including the configuration of the chiral center were elucidated using spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis. First, all chiral compounds were pre-screened using acute seizure tests induced electrically (maximal electroshock test, 6 Hz psychomotor seizure model) and induced chemically (subcutaneous metrazol seizure model) in mice and also their neurotoxicity (TOX) was determined in the rotorad assay. Two of the tested compounds were used for quantitative testing, and (S)-(+)5-[1-(4-fluorobenzamido)-2-phenylethyl]-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (5b) and (S)-(+)-(5-[1-(4-fluorobenzamido)-2-phenylethyl]-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (5c) emerged as the most promising anticonvulsant drug candidates and also showed low neurotoxicity. The antiepileptogenic potential of these compounds was determined using a chronic seizure induced electrically corneal kindled mouse model. Furthermore, all chiral compounds were tested for their neuroprotective effect against excitotoxic kainic acid (KA) and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) induced in vitro neuroprotection assay using an organotypic hippocampal slice culture. The KA-induced neuroprotection assay results revealed that compounds 5b and 5c, which are the leading compounds for anticonvulsant activity, also had the strongest neuroprotective effects with IC50 values of 103.30 ± 1.14 and 113.40 ± 1.20 µM respectively. Molecular docking studies conducted to investigate the molecular binding mechanism of the tested compounds on the GABAA receptor showed that compound 5b exhibits a strong affinity to the benzodiazepine (BZD) binding site on GABA. It also revealed that the NaV1.3 binding interactions were consistent with the experimental data and the reported binding mode of the ICA121431 inhibitor. This suggests that compound 5b has a high affinity for these specific binding sites, indicating its potential as a ligand for modulating GABAA and NaV1.3 receptor activity. Furthermore, the ADME properties displayed that all the physicochemical and pharmacological parameters of the compounds stayed within the specified limits and revealed a high bioavailability profile.

Asunto(s)

Anticonvulsivantes , Tiadiazoles , Tionas , Triazoles , Canales de Sodio Activados por Voltaje , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacología , Anticonvulsivantes/química , Anticonvulsivantes/síntesis química , Animales , Triazoles/química , Triazoles/farmacología , Triazoles/síntesis química , Tiadiazoles/química , Tiadiazoles/farmacología , Tiadiazoles/síntesis química , Ratones , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Tionas/química , Tionas/farmacología , Tionas/síntesis química , Canales de Sodio Activados por Voltaje/metabolismo , Canales de Sodio Activados por Voltaje/efectos de los fármacos , Estructura Molecular , Convulsiones/tratamiento farmacológico , Convulsiones/inducido químicamente , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Masculino , Ratas

RESUMEN

In this study, new chiral thiourea and 1,3-thiazolidine-4,5-dione derivatives were synthesized, it was aimed to evaluate the various biological activities and molecular docking of these compounds. Firstly, the new thioureas (1-16) were obtained by reacting 1-naphthylisothiocyanate with different chiral amines. Then, the chiral thioureas were cyclized with oxalyl chloride to obtain 1,3-thiazolidine-4,5-dione derivatives (17-32). All compounds were evaluated with several in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities. Compound 30 was the most active compound against AChE, with a value of IC50 =8.09±0.58 µM. On the other hand, all compounds were tested in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) assays to better understand their bioavailability. These physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, and drug-likeness of all compounds were calculated using SwissADME. Furthermore, according to molecular docking analyses compound 30 exhibited significant binding affinities for all enzymes. Based on our overall observations, compound 30 could be recommended as a potential lead for the therapuetic of Alzheimer's.

Asunto(s)

Antioxidantes , Tiourea , Estructura Molecular , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Tiazolidinas/farmacología , Tiourea/farmacología , Tiourea/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Relación Estructura-Actividad

RESUMEN

In this work, a series of chalcones (1a-d, 2a-d, 3a-d, 4a-d, and 5a-d) were designed and synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation. Also, their chemical structures were elucidated using UV-Vis, FT IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, MS spectral data, and elemental analyses. Subsequently, the anticholinesterase, tyrosinase, urease inhibitory activities and antioxidant activities of all chalcones were evaluated. The inhibitory potential of all chalcones in terms of IC50 value was observed to range from 7.18 ± 0.43 to 29.62 ± 0.30 µM against BChE by comparing with Galantamine (IC50 46.06 ± 0.10 µM) as a reference drug. Also, compounds 2c, 3c, 4c, 4b, and 4d exhibited high anticholinesterase activity against both AChE and BChE enzymes. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity results revealed that three compounds (IC50 1.75 ± 0.83 µM for 2b, IC50 2.24 ± 0.11 µM for 3b, and IC50 1.90 ± 0.64 µM for 4b) displayed good inhibitory activity against tyrosinase compared with kojic acid (IC50 0.64 ± 0.12 µM). In addition, other different three chalcones (IC50 22.34 ± 0.25 µM for 2c, IC50 20.98 ± 0.08 µM for 3c, and IC50 18.26 ± 0.13 µM for 4c) showed excellent inhibitory activity against the urease by comparing with thiourea (IC50 23.08 ± 0.19 µM). Compounds 3c and 4c showed the best potency in all antioxidant activity tests. In light of these findings, the structure-activity relationship for compounds was also described. Furthermore, molecular modeling studies, including molecular docking, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET), and pharmacophore analyses of compounds, gave important information about the interactions and drug-likeness properties. As a result, all chalcones exhibited suitable ADMET findings, predicting good oral bioavailability.

Asunto(s)

Chalconas , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/química , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/farmacología , Chalconas/química , Monofenol Monooxigenasa/metabolismo , Ureasa/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Antioxidantes/química , Estructura Molecular

RESUMEN

A new simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of Cu2+ ion was developed using an thiosemicarbazone compound, 2-{4-[Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]benzylidene}-N-[(4-methylthio)phenyl]hydrazinecarbothioamide (TSC). A simultaneous color change was observed (from colorless to bright yellow) by the addition of Cu2+ ion to the TSC ligand solution. The maximum absorbance of the TSC ligand measured at 366 nm was decreased by the presence of Cu2+ ion. The graphs of absorbance obtained by means of the Job's method and the molar-ratio method proposed a complex formation with a 1:2 Cu2+-TSC ligand stoichiometry. The molar-ratio method with emission measurements also confirmed the stoichiometry. The complex stability constant of TSC-Cu2+ complex (K) was evaluated to be 1.76 × 105. The proposed spectrophotometric method was associated with the change in absorbance at 366 nm owing to the interaction between the TSC ligand and Cu2+ ion. From the spectrophotometric titration data, it was pointed out that TSC ligand (1.5 × 10- 5 mol L-1) selectively reacted with Cu2+ ion in DMSO/water (1:1, v/v, citrate buffer at pH = 6.0). The calibration curve for Cu2+ ion was obtained with a good linearity in the range of 0.0191-0.3241 mg L-1. The detection limit for Cu2+ ion was 0.0063 mg L-1. The proposed method was achievemently implemented in real water samples (drink water, tap water and, distilled water). Satisfactory recoveries were confirmed at three different concentrations. The method presented a relative standard deviation (RSD%) of less than 3.08%.

RESUMEN

Addressed herein, thiourea functionalized graphene oxide-based PtRu nanocatalysts (PtRu@T/GO) has been synthesized and characterized by several techniques and performed for methanol oxidation reactions as novel catalysts. In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was functionalized with thiourea (T/GO) in order to obtain monothiol functionalized graphene and increase the stability and activity of the nanocatalysts. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), TEM (transmission electron microscopy) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) were used for characterization of the prepared nanocatalysts. The results obtained from these techniques showed that the prepared nanocatalysts were in a highly crystalline form, well dispersed on T/GO, very small in size and colloidally stable. The average size of the synthesized nanocatalysts determined by TEM analysis was found to be 3.86 ± 0.59 nm. With HR-TEM analysis, the atomic lattice fringes of the nanocatalysts were calculated to be 0.23 nm. After the full characterization of the prepared nanocatalysts, they were tried for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) and it was observed that 97.3% of the initial performance was maintained even after 1000 cycles while exhibiting great catalytic activity and stability with the help of T/GO. Thus, the arranged nanocatalysts displayed great heterogeneous catalyst characteristics for the methanol oxidation response.

RESUMEN

In this study, a series of fluorine-containing chiral hydrazide-hydrazone derivatives [III-XII] from ʟ-cysteine ethyl ester hydrochloride was synthesized as new antioxidant and anticholinesterase agents. The antioxidant activity of these derivatives was evaluated by ABTS+· and DPPH· scavenging and CUPRAC assays and the anticholinesterase activity by the Ellman method spectrophotometrically. The results of the antioxidant assay showed that compounds V, IX, and X exhibited higher activity than BHT and α-tocopherol used as positive standards. Among the synthesized derivatives, compound IX (IC50 : 2.3 ± 1.6 µM) exhibited higher acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity than galantamine (IC50 : 4.5 ± 0.8 µM). Compounds XI (IC50 : 9.6 ± 1.0 µM), IX (IC50 : 12.5 ± 1.6 µM), III (IC50 : 16.0 ± 1.6 µM), X (IC50 : 17.2 ± 1.8 µM), VI (IC50 : 20.2 ± 0.8 µM), XII (IC50 : 21.5 ± 1.0 µM), and VII (IC50 : 24.6 ± 0.6 µM) displayed better butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity than galantamine (IC50 : 46.03 ± 0.14 µM). ADME-Tox analysis was used to probe the drug-like properties of the compounds. Molecular docking studies were also applied to understand the interactions between compounds and targets. The docking calculations were supported by the experimental data. In particular, compound IX, having better activity than galantamine against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes, was visualized using molecular docking.

Asunto(s)

Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/química , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/farmacología , Flúor/química , Animales , Antioxidantes/síntesis química , Antioxidantes/farmacocinética , Barrera Hematoencefálica/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/síntesis química , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/farmacocinética , Simulación por Computador , Diseño de Fármacos , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Humanos , Hidrazinas/química , Hidrazonas/química , Absorción Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Espectrofotometría Ultravioleta

RESUMEN

Two new chiral thiosemicarbazide ligands and their Cu (II), Ni (II), Pd (II), and Zn (II) complexes were synthesized and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (only for ligand), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis), mass, and elemental analysis. The antioxidant activity of ligands and their metal complexes was examined. It was found that the antioxidant activity of metal complexes was better than their ligands. In addition, the antioxidant activity, as reflected by free radical scavenging, was evaluated. Besides, Pd (II) complexes exhibited better antioxidant activity than Ni (II), Cu (II), and Zn (II) complexes. Therefore, complexes (3a-Pd and 3b-Pd) can be used as an antioxidant agent or antioxidant test standard.

Asunto(s)

Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Semicarbacidas/química , Antioxidantes/síntesis química , Complejos de Coordinación/síntesis química , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Ligandos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier

RESUMEN

1,3-Oxazolidine-2-one is an important heterocyclic ring participating in the chemical structure of many drugs. In this research, 22 new amide/sulfonamide/thiourea derivatives (1-22) were obtained by the reaction of (S)-4-(4-aminobenzyl)-2(1H)-1,3-oxazolidinone with 4-substituted benzoyl chlorides, 4-substituted benzene sulfonyl chlorides, and 4-substituted phenyl isothiocyanates. The structures of all synthesized compounds were clarified by FT-IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopic and elemental analysis techniques. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial susceptibility and cellular physiology were evaluated using the microbroth dilution assay and the flow cytometry method. As a result, it was determined that compound 16 displayed better antimicrobial activity than chloramphenicol against Gram-positive bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus. In order to understand the mechanism of effect of the compounds on the cell membrane, fluorescence microscopy was used. Cell membrane damage of the Gram positive bacteria treated with compound 16 was observed as a result of intense staining with propidium iodide. In addition, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) parameters of compound 16 were examined and it was found as non-mutagenic and non-cytotoxic at the concentration at which it showed antimicrobial activity. According to the calculated ADME parameters and drug likeness scores, the compounds can be good drug candidates, especially compound 16.

Asunto(s)

Amidas/farmacología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Oxazolidinonas/farmacología , Sulfonamidas/farmacología , Tiourea/farmacología , Amidas/química , Animales , Antibacterianos/síntesis química , Antibacterianos/química , Membrana Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Diseño de Fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/citología , Masculino , Ratones , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Microsomas Hepáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Microsomas Hepáticos/metabolismo , Microsomas Hepáticos/microbiología , Estructura Molecular , Células 3T3 NIH , Oxazolidinonas/síntesis química , Oxazolidinonas/química , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Salmonella typhimurium/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Sulfonamidas/química , Tiourea/química

RESUMEN

Hydrazones and the piperidine ring containing compounds were considered as beneficial substrates in drug design. Therefore, this study was aimed at the synthesis of new benzoyl hydrazones derived from ethyl 4-oxopiperidine-1-carboxylate and 2,6-diphenylpiperidin-4-one. The synthesized compounds (1-19) were screened for their antioxidant, anticholinesterase and anticancer activities. The antioxidant capacity of the compounds was evaluated by using four complementary tests. The results showed that compound 7 and 17 have the higher lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity than the other compounds. In DPPH˙ scavenging assay, compounds 5, 6, 10, 14, 17 demonstrated better activity than that of standard BHT, while in ABTS+˙ scavenging assay compound 6 and 17 exhibited better activity among the other compounds. The CUPRAC assay disclosed that compound 2 displayed better activity than α-tocopherol. The anticholinesterase activity was performed against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. Compound 11 (IC50: 35.30 ± 1.11 µM) inhibited BChE better than galantamine (IC50: 46.03 ± 0.14 µM). We conclude that the compound 11 can be considered as a candidate for BChE inhibitor. Moreover docking method was applied to elucidate the AChE and BChE inhibitory mechanism of the compound 11. Molecular docking analysis revealed that compound 11 bound to BChE enzyme more efficiently when compared to the AChE due to its orientations and different types of interactions. In addition, the non-cytotoxic properties of the compounds brought them into prominence, although they did not show significant anticancer properties.

Asunto(s)

Acetilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Butirilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Diseño de Fármacos , Hidrazonas/química , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Piperidinas/síntesis química , Piperidinas/farmacología , Acetilcolinesterasa/química , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/enzimología , Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Dominio Catalítico , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/síntesis química , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/química , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Piperidinas/química , Piperidinas/uso terapéutico

RESUMEN

Novel enantiopure 1,2,4-trizole-3-thiones containing a benzensulfonamide moiety were synthesized via multistep reaction sequence starting with D-phenylalanine methyl ester and L-phenylalanine ethyl ester as a source of chirality. The chemical structures of all compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, UV, IR, (1) H NMR, (13) C NMR, 2D NMR (HETCOR), and mass spectral data. All compounds were tested in vitro antiviral activity against a broad variety of DNA and RNA viruses and in vitro cytostatic activity against murine leukemia (L1210), human T-lymphocyte (CEM) and human cervix carcinoma (HeLa) cell lines. Although enantiopure 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione analogs in (R) configuration emerged as promising anti-influenza A H1N1 subtype in Madin Darby canine kidney cell cultures (MDCK), their enantiomers exhibited no activity. Especially compounds , , , , and (EC50 : 6.5, 6.1, 2.4, 1.6, 1.7 µM, respectively) had excellent activity against influenza A H1N1 subtype compared to the reference drug ribavirin (EC50 : 8.0 µM). Several compounds have been found to inhibit proliferation of L1210, CEM and HeLa cell cultures with IC50 in the 12-53 µM range. Compound and in (R) configuration were the most active compounds (IC50 : 12-22 µM for and IC50 : 19-23 µM for ). Chirality 28:495-513, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Asunto(s)

Antivirales/síntesis química , Antivirales/farmacología , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Triazoles/química , Animales , Antivirales/química , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Perros , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Células HeLa , Humanos , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/efectos de los fármacos , Células de Riñón Canino Madin Darby , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Estructura Molecular , Fenilalanina/análogos & derivados , Fenilalanina/química , Estereoisomerismo , Sulfonamidas/química

RESUMEN

A series of new chiral thiosemicarbazones derived from homochiral amines in both enantiomeric forms were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative activity against A549 (human alveolar adenocarcinoma), MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma), HeLa (human cervical adenocarcinoma), and HGC-27 (human stomach carcinoma) cell lines. Some of compounds showed inhibitory activities on the growth of cancer cell lines. Especially, compound exhibited the most potent activity (IC50 4.6 µM) against HGC-27 as compared with the reference compound, sindaxel (IC50 10.3 µM), and could be used as a lead compound to search new chiral thiosemicarbazone derivatives as antiproliferative agents.

Asunto(s)

Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Tiosemicarbazonas/química , Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Línea Celular Tumoral/efectos de los fármacos , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales/métodos , Células HeLa/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Células MCF-7/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Moleculares , Estereoisomerismo , Relación Estructura-Actividad

RESUMEN

A series of thiosemicarbazones and their platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes have been synthesized. The chemical structures of ligands and their complexes were characterized by UV-Vis, IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, MS spectra, elemental analysis and TGA. The antiviral and cytotoxic activities of all compounds have been tested. Results of broad antiviral evaluation showed that none of the compounds evaluated endowed with anti-DNA or -RNA virus activity at subtoxic concentrations except for the palladium complex 1b. This compound exhibited slightly selective inhibition against cytomegalovirus. The platinum complex 4a exhibited the best cytostatic activities against human cervix carcinoma. Ligands 2, 4 and 5 showed cytostatic potential. The palladium complexes were in general less cytostatic than the corresponding platinum complexes or unliganded congeners.

Asunto(s)

Aldehídos/química , Diseño de Fármacos , Compuestos Organoplatinos/química , Compuestos Organoplatinos/farmacología , Paladio/química , Tiosemicarbazonas/química , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antivirales/química , Antivirales/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Espectrometría de Masas , Análisis Espectral , Temperatura , Virus/efectos de los fármacos