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Hyphema is a common consequence of mechanical ocular trauma. Blood in the anterior chamber (hyphema)can occur after blunt or lacerating trauma. Traumatic hyphema is a diagnostic and therapeutic emergency. Major complications of hyphema include secondary hemorrhage, secondary glaucoma, corneal staining and disturbances in visual acuity. The aim of our study was the retrospective analysis of patients with posttraumatic hyphema. According to a prospective protocol we studied 428 patients who were examined and treated at the Emergency Department of Department of Ophthalmology Medical University of Gdansk between 1998-2004 years (ears). Data obtained included age and sex. 81% of patients were man, 19% of patients were women. Mean age of patients with ocular hyphema 6-72 years. We determined initial and final visual acuities (visual acuity - distance Snellen acuity test), intraocular pressure measurement, biomicroscopy, fundus indirect ophthalmology, gonioscopy and US- examinations (sometimes). Data obtained also were: slitlamp examinations for hyphema size, hyphema grading and corneal clarity. Most hyphemas were small, occupying less than one- third of the volume of the anterior chamber. The most common associated injuries to the eye hyphema included corneal oedema, glaucoma (secondary glaucoma), cataract and mydriasis. Traumatic hyphema is therapeutic emergency. More preventive efforts (hospitalization) were necessary, especially for children. In our study we observed 89% patients with traumatic hyphema due to non - penetrating eye injury. The assault were responsible for hyphema in 30.1% of cases and traffic accidents in 38.7% of all hyphemas. Treatment of the hyphema is generally topical. Outcome is good (in more cases), if medical treatment was quickly instituted. Surgical treatment must be reserved for a special cases, but it needs more further investigations.

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PURPOSE: We performed experimental investigations in vitro into the opsonization of Rh-positive erythrocytes by IgG anti-RhD antibodies and phagocytosis of erythrocytes in the vitreous body. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The vitreous has been taken from the corpses of young people. Anti-RhD antibodies came from preparations 'Gamma anti-D 150'. 1% Erytrocyte suspension of ccDee phenotype has been applied. Phagocytosis assay was performed in the medium of the vitreous and in Hank's solution. RESULTS: Phagocytosis assay performed in the vitreous and in Hank's solution did not display statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: The investigations in vitro presented here, proved that immunological reactions are really occurring in the vitreous body. They provide a base for the explanation of activity mechanism of anti-RhD antibodies injected intraoculary in cases of hemorrhages into vitreous body.

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PURPOSE: We demonstrate clinical material collected during several years, which illustrates the possibilities of immunotherapy in intravitreous hemorrhages. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Immunotherapy was applied in 172 persons, Rh-positive in 174 eyes with intravitreal hemorrhages of a various etiology. The therapy consisted of injecting preparations containing IgG anti RhD antibodies into the vitreous. RESULTS: Visual acuity improvement has been obtained in 77.6% of eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Summing up the effects of immunotherapy of hemorrhages into the vitreous body, it is necessary to stress the simplicity of performance of the procedure, its insignificant invasions and security resulting from the application of natural, human immunoglobulin.

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Reduced perfusion in the choroidal vessels has been proposed as the vascular pathogenesis for AMD. As no specific therapy is currently available, the authors decided to evaluate the possible benefits of topically administrated betaxolol in non-exudative AMD patients. 114 randomly selected patients with NE AMD was divided into 2 groups: group I (64 patients) and group II (50 patients). The subjects in group I have been treated with topical 0.5% betaxolol, while in the group II with artificial tears twice daily for one year. None of the patients had received prior topical or systemic treatment lowering IOP. The subjects in both groups had follow-up for 1 year, during which lipoproteins' profile sampling was performed twice at baseline and after 52 weeks. Both, baseline and outcome measures included: complete ophthalmologic examination. The changes in serum lipoproteins levels varied, but the statistical analyze did not show the significant differences.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate whether the level of carnitine in human lens is affected by development of cataract. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study covers 52 cases of cataract lenses extracted by ECCE. The nucleus of each lens was analyzed according to the level of total and free carnitine. The amount of cataract was determined by the microscopic and ophthalmoscopic examination. Cataracts were divided into 3 groups depending on the advanced degree of cataract. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to find statistically significant difference in mean carnitine level of total and free carnitine between lenses with mature cataract and lenses with partial cataract. This level was lower approximately by 30% in the lenses with dense opacification. This could be another proof for protective role of carnitine in development of human cataract and could trigger more researchon the subject of its supplementation in patients in older age.

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Investigations were carried out to clarify the role of autoimmune phenomena in the pathogenesis of human cataract. We determined the antibodies to lens proteins of serum in the following groups of patients: patients with senile cataract, patients with diabetic cataract, patients with diabetes mellitus, dependent of insulin and without cataract, patients without cataract and without diabetes mellitus (healthy adults), using the plate gel with double diffusion method described by Ouchterlony. 98% patients with senile cataract, 100% patients with diabetic cataract and only 12% healthy adults showed positive reactions to the test. There is little evidence so far, to incriminate immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of cataract.

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The aim of the study is to determine the influence of some selected immunological factors upon the pathogenesis of senile cataract and cataract in diabetic people. Immunofluorescent pictures of opacities lenses in senile cataract patients and in diabetic cataract patients were compared. The fluorescent microscopic examination of these preparations revealed green colored concrements. The concrements thus observed proved the presence of a given class immunoglobulin in the lenticular nucleus sections. In all preparations (100%), the presence of IgG was found. None concrements' of C4 and the fibrin were spotted in the observed preparations.

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PURPOSE: Aim of the study was to determine the types and frequency of orbital tumors and to assess the method of treatment relevant to patient, orbital and tumor data. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Current classification of orbital tumors is presented. The retrospective analysis of 127 patients with orbital tumor treated in the Ophthalmology Clinic in Gdansk in years 1991-2002 was carried out. The diagnosis was made with orbital biopsy in available cases, the clinical findings, imaging studies and histopatological examination. RESULTS: There were 91 cases of primary tumors, 33 of secondary lesions and 3 metastatic neoplasms. The surgical treatment was involved in 87 cases. 14 of them required the synergic action with radiotherapy and 4 with chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The age of the studied group is an important factor affecting relative incidence of orbital tumors. With increasing age, malignant orbital tumors become more common. Orbital lesion may manifest the systemic neoplastic disease.

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PURPOSE: As Sjögren syndrome is regarded by ophthalmologists as a synonim of dry eye syndrome, we decided to evaluate how often these patients demonstrate other than ocular symptoms, especially systemic complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We examined 30 patients with primary (PZS) and 45 patients with secondary Sjögren syndrome (WZS). RESULTS: Pathological findings in course of Sjogren syndrome concerned predominantly eyes (94%) and mucous membrane of the mouth (91%), salivary glands (65%) and skin. The most frequent complaint was fatigue (91%). CONCLUSIONS: Sjogren syndrome is a chronic systemic disease, in which predominant symptoms are: dryness of mucous membranes, chronic fatigue, painful joints and stomach disturbances.

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PURPOSE: The paper proves to show the influence of new strategies in therapy of primary glaucoma, on the number of trabeculectomies performed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sex, age, kind of glaucoma and indications to the surgery in patients treated in the Municipal Hospital of Gdynia in the years 1992-2003 have been analyzed. RESULTS: The number of hospitalized females was much higher than males. 60.34% of them were over 60 years old. In that period 865 patients were hospitalized, 614 with POAG and 251 with PACG. In 163 of them, 124 trabeculectomies were performed: in the years 1992-1997 and 39 in the period of 1998-2003 years. CONCLUSIONS: The decrease in trabeculectomies indicates more and more effective prophylaxis and treatment of glaucoma.

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PURPOSE: We present our own antiglaucoma procedure using glassy carbon fibre. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Our procedure belongs to filtration type of antyglaucoma operations, so we call it carbofiltratio. 32 carbofiltratio procedures were performed. All our patients had neovascular glaucoma. Each patient complained of intensive pain, because of increasing intraocular pressure. RESULTS: The follow-up time was 3 month to 2 years. All patients were periodically tested for intraocular pressure, pain and condition of surgery spot. In most of our cases we achieved to reduce pain and intraocular pressure without hypotensive drugs. 34.4% of our procedure was insufficient. We had to make enucleation or reoperate. All these procedures were performed before 60 days after first operation.

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PURPOSE: The vitreoretinal re-proliferations (PVR) are the most eminent cause of retinal surgery misfortunes. Daunorubicin has been widely discussed as the antimetabolic drug for PVR treatment for recent 20 years. The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of daunorubicin, applied intravitreally during vitrectomy, as an antiproliferative factor stopping the vitreoretinal re-proliferations in eyes with rhegamatogenous retinal detachment complicated with PVR. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Vitrectomy, with daunorubicin infusion (1 microg/ml), was performed in 6 eyes with rhegamatogenous retinal detachment and PVR. In 6 other cases of retinal detachment, the gentamycine (20 mg/ml) solution was used as a vitrectomy infusion. During the 12 months follow-up, the risk of PVR relapse was evaluated. RESULTS: There was no signs of PVR relapse in the eyes treated with daunorubicin during the 12 months follow-up. As in the group of patients that had no daunorubicin infusion the PVR re-proliferation occurred in 2 of 6 operated eyes. CONCLUSIONS: 12 months follow-up showed that Daunorubicine could be a useful adjuvant drug reducing the rate of re-proliferations in the patients with rhegamatogenous retinal detachment.

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PURPOSE: We present our result of topical administration of iodine in group of patients with corpus vitreous degeneration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Corpus vitreous degeneration was studied in 360 patients (660 eyes), 184 male and 176 female. Treatment last form 6 to 12 month. We administrate iodine 3-4 times a day as an eye drops. The untreated control group consist of 110 person (204 eyes) 80 male and 50 female with similar corpus vitreous degeneration. RESULTS: The results are discussed in relation to our own vitreous degeneration scale. We come to a conclusion that topical administration of iodine reduce corpus vitreous degeneration.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate bacterial flora of conjunctival sac in patients with Sjogren syndrome and compare it with the flora of healthy individuals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bacteriological test was performed on the swabs from the conjunctival sac of 15 patients with primary Sjögren syndrome (PS), 15 patients with secondary Sjögren syndrome (SS) and 30 healthy individuals, chosen at random. RESULTS: Most of the swabs, in every group, were aseptic. The bacteria found relatively often was Staphylococcus epidermidis or described as the Staphylococcus sp. coagulasonegative. Bacterias: Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium or Enterobacteriaceae were found rarely. CONCLUSIONS: There is no significant difference between bacterial flora of conjunctival sac of patients with PS and SS, when compared to healthy individuals.

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The authors described two infant with Sandhoff's and Tay-Sachs disease. Tay-Sachs disease is well-known inherited disease leading to an accumulation of gangliosides in the brain and retina. Sandhoffs disease (GM2 gangliosidosis type 0) was diagnosed in an infant, in whom a progressive neurological disorder and cherry-red foveal spots were developed. In addition, to the general clinical examination, indirect ophthalnoscopy, blood white cells enzymatic examination are used to make definitive diagnosis. In this cases, the early eye fundus examination allowed us to make the proper diagnosis. The fundus change is characterized by the "cherry-red spot" in the central area.

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PURPOSE: Vitamins B group are important ingredients of coenzymes. Provitamin B5 dexpanthenol is necessary in the processes of reconstruction of epithelium, has regenerative and anti-inflammatory properties. Objective of the study was to determine how the wounds of cornea and/or conjunctiva heal upon the application of D-panthenol/the medicine has been developed in the Faculty of Pharmacy of the Medical University of Gdansk/. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The activity of the medicine was tested in 40 eyes in the test group, a 40 eyes in the control group did not receive D-panthenol. The degree of the objective and subjective symptoms was assessed. RESULTS: The differences between the two groups commenced on the second day following the operation. Better effects were observed in patients receiving D-panthenol. Congestion and oedema of conjunctiva withdrew, the edges of wounds demonstrated smoothness and better adherence. Subjective feelings improved. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Provitamin B5 contained in 5% drops and 5% gel of D-panthenol effectively accelerates the processes of healing the wounds of conjunctiva and cornea.

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PURPOSE: The objective of the study was, to determine whether the new medicine developed in the Faculty of Pharmacy of the Medical University of Gdansk in the form of gel containing 5% of provitamin B5, was a good agent for applying into the contact surface of the Goldmann triple-mirror, while examining the retina. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 42 people were subject in the observation. 84 eyes, which had not been operated yet, were tested. One eye was examined by using the gel with provitamin B5/proper name D--panthenol/, the other eye by applying 3% methylcellulose. Congestion of conjunctiva, oedema and defects of cornea epithelium, and substance transparency as well as surface adherence were indicated. RESULTS: One obtained the statistical significance proving the lesser congestion effect, while applying D--panthenol. Better adherence of the preparation to the cornea surface and to the triple-mirror was noticed, which considerably improved the procedure of the very examination. D--panthenol protected and regenerated cornea epithelium. CONCLUSION: The gel containing provitamin B5 is a safe and convenient agent for application during the examination with a triple-mirror.

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