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UNLABELLED: The term stress (marching) fracture relates to a fracture provoked without acute trauma, on healthy bone and as a consequence of repeated, long-term, rhythmic load [4, 5]. Stress fractures are mostly observed in young people (12-25 years of age) [15]. The course of this phenomenon we found by medical examination; this means that it is found either by detection or spontaneous ambulance reports. The aim of this study is to point at a possible appearance of these fractures at young soldiers and sportsmen. MATERIAL AND METHOD: During the routine ambulance practice, and by the prospective study on 29 subjects, the study was performed by using oral inquiry [9]. The studied individuals were soldiers who were complaining of pain, swellings and redness of the feet. Except clinical orthopedic examination, additional laboratory analysis was made. RESULTS: The results are shown in tables. Table 1 shows that stress fractures of metatarsus bones usually appear during the period of first thirty days of the military service, i.e. during the days of the hardest exertion. The most frequent training absence, which is caused by stress fractures, is during this period of time (Table 2). Of all military duties, marching had the biggest influence on appearance of this disease (Table 3). DISCUSSION: On the basis of available literature it is evident that there are factors which might have the influence on the occurrence of the disease (hypovitaminosis, foot-wear, foot deformation, body weight, muscle fatigue, etc.). Stress fractures are mentioned in connection with some diseases or special clinical deformations such as rheumatoid arthritis, chronic bronchitis, arthrosis deformities, after arthroplastics, Mb. Bechterew, etc. Consequently, stress fractures do not appear only in a healthy bone, as it is defined [4, 5]. In the clinical practice it was established that the diagnosis of this pathology had, in a few cases, the same clinical picture. On the basis of our experience, by observing, we have concluded that stress fractures occur on healthy or changed bones as the result of physical fatigue of the material, and repeated movements. It is still unclear why these changes are unilateral. CONCLUSION: a) Stress fractures are frequently appearing at young soldiers. b) Most frequently they appear in beginning of hard and exhaustible training.

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INTRODUCTION: Problems, consequences and influence of immobilization on tissue and fracture healing, as well as patient's psyche and entire condition of the organism, are well known. With immobilisation patient looses a part of extremity movement. Healing of fractures and remaining tissues is a natural process, so it is usually said that fractures and tissues heal not because of immobilization, but in spite of it. The theory of treating by functional cast (PTB-patellar tendon bearing), firstly described by Sarmiento, is based on tissues natural capability to heal and on its functional guiding to the final cause. The aim of this study is to analyze our previous expirience in regard to this method. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have studied patients from 7 to 70 years of age with fracture of one or both lower leg bones. After injury, patients were mobilized using upper leg plaster impregned bandages applied to two thirds of extremity's circumference. After X-ray control and locating the position of broken parts, patients were released with thromboprophylaxis using Acetilsalycil acid (Midol) 3 x 1 tablet per day. In some cases, where reduction of broken fragment was hard, total anesthesia was performed. In cases of oblique and spiral fractures, because of possible redislocation we have waited with application of lower leg functional cast up to 3 weeks. RESULTS: We have studied 59 patients, most of them between the age of 11 and 20. In most cases functional cast was applied after 21 to 30 days, fractures healed after 90 to 99 days and the shortening of extremities was clinically non measureable. Usually it was 24 mm. DISCUSSION: Treatment of lower leg fractures is not simple. We especially point to problems with circulation and skin which have to be controlled over and over. There are reports of rejecting operational method as a method for lower leg fracture treating. Our results are the same as those achieved by other authors. Reposition of bone fragments must be performed with special attention. It is best if it is performed during total anesthesia, because muscles are relaxed and therefore circulation gets better, intensity of pain decreases and there are no skin necroses. In few cases, at the beginning of treatment there were skin blisters which only lengthened the treatment. These problems were prevented by early reposition, retention of bone parts and elevation of extremities. CONCLUSION: Lower leg functional cast gives excellent results in treating diaphyseal lower leg fractures. Early mobilization positively influences the patient's psyche and enables quick resocialization. Physical treatment is usually not necessary.

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The case of Lisfranc's dislocation in soldiers-skiers has been presented. The aim of the study is to realize the role of skiing equipment in generation of the injuries in soldiers-skiers. Early therapeutic intervention provides good results.

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The investigation in 200 wounded in battles was performed by clinical-statistic analysis. The aim of the study was to analyze the procedure with foreign bodies in the extremities after the primary surgical management of the wound. It was established that primary surgical management of the wound, besides the coexisting difficulties (field work conditions, impaired supply etc.), was correctly performed with the early administration of 2 prophylactic antibiotics (Longaceph, Garamycin, Tolycar and Penicillin) in therapeutical doses during 3 to 10 days after the wounding. The "finishing" which included the repair of incompletely performed primary surgical management of the wound: incomplete nephrectomy, unadequate hemostasis, drainage, incorrect immobilization, etc. was performed in 32% of the wounded. The results imply that the accessible foreign bodies near the wound were removed without the excessive damage to the adjoining soft tissue. After the whole treatment, 3% of war wounds were found to be infected. Two fistulas from foreign bodies and 4 osteites were noticed and they were cured by the surgical treatment and antibiotic therapy.

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This paper presents the course and results of treatment in 10 patients with posterior luxation of the elbow joint. Patients underwent surgery under general anesthesia during which reposition was performed and the upper arm was immobilized in a plaster cast for 2 weeks. After a formal physical therapy program the achieved functional results were maximal.

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The causes of lower back pain were analyzed in 232 outpatients by using the prospective study. The most frequent causes were: degenerative changes, congenital changes, injuries and their sequelae. Among the extravertebral causes, static are the most frequent ones. Pain most often appears because of the already existing pathological substrate. Increased efforts caused by the specific military service emphasized the painful disturbances that could be eliminated by short-term drug therapy. Early diagnosis had the irreplaceable role in professional orientation. Diagnosis such as lumbosacral syndrome should be avoided. The exact cause should be determined thus making a more precise diagnosis and therefore the therapy more successful. Physical treatment combined with the other treatments is of particular significance.

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Incidence of the epicondylitis humeri lateralis in a sample of 48 patients was analyzed according to age groups. The highest incidence was found in the age group of 21-30 that corresponds to the etiologic factor of more intensive work with extended arm and clenched hand, practiced by tennis players, bricklayers, house painters, etc. The incidence in soldiers was insignificant. Patients were treated conservatively. There were no severe cases requiring operative treatment. Success was achieved by deep subtendinous and subperiostal infiltration of corticosteroids with 0.5 or 1% Novocain around the affected area. Infiltration was performed in 7-day intervals and the best result was achieved after the second one.

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The conservative treatment and results obtained in the treatment of 30 scaphoid bone fractures in soldiers aging from 18 to 22 years are reported. The immobilization was performed after acute posttraumatic edema, the latest 4 days after injury, first using the plaster splint and then the "plaster gloves." The immobilization lasted two months. The complete healing was achieved in 29 injured and pseudoarthrosis occurred in one case only.

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By the presentation of the clinical material a series of 14 cases of the radial nerve microsurgical reparation has been analyzed with the reference to the modern achievements in this field and the possibilities of its quicker and better rehabilitation have been quoted. In our material we used the intraneural microsurgical technique with the direct funiculoraphy (3), the interfascicular nerve transplantation (8) and the external and internal microneurolysis (3). Twelve reconstructed radial nerves were evaluated by these methods. The successful motoric function (M3 and more), with the performance of will-power in the proximal and distal muscles, which spontaneously act on the resistance, and with the independent finger movements, have been detected in 84% of the cases in the period from 8 to 24 months after the reconstruction of this extensor nerve. The state of the contemporary micro-surgery prefers the timely and the exact neurological status, as well as the information on the extensiveness of the radial nerve lesion, on which bases the method for its functional restoration and anatomic rehabilitation should be determined.

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The authors consider the problem of management of malleolar fractures with a special reference to B and C types of fractures by Weber. They have presented their observations in the out-patient service and consequences of inadequate surgical treatment of these fractures. Transfixation of distal tibio-fibular syndesmosis should be performed only if necessary which is evaluated by a single pronged hook test after osteosynthesis. Adequate rigidity and stability of syndesmosis has been achieved several times by osteosynthesis only so that additional fixation is not necessary.

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Authors present results of diagnosis at surgical treatment of 122 patients with compressive intracranial haemorrhages, observed and treated in the course of last five years. All patients have been admitted and treated at the Department for intensive care of patients, and have been under care of one neurosurgeon and anestetists duty and radiologists. 18 patients had chronical subdural haematoma, and 104-patients had acute compressive intracranial haemorrhages: epidural, subdural and intracerebral, one more haemorrhages in the same patient, hygromas, and sclopetar wounds with fast evolution. Out of 104 patients, 25 died (mortality rate 24%), and 26 patients died out of 122 patients (mortality rate being 21,3%). Authors enphesize the value of eho-encefalography and CAT of brain in the manengement of compressive inte cranial haemorrhages in the state of peace and in the state of war.

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