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Finding efficient and ultrafast ways to control antiferromagnets is believed to be instrumental in unlocking their potential for magnetic devices operating at THz frequencies. Still, it is challenged by the absence of net magnetization in the ground state. Here, we show that the magnetization emerging from a state of coherent spin precession in antiferromagnetic iron borate FeBO_{3} can be used to enable the nonlinear coupling of light to another, otherwise weakly susceptible, mode of spin precession. This nonlinear mechanism can facilitate conceptually new ways of controlling antiferromagnetism.

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Magnonics is a research field complementary to spintronics, in which quanta of spin waves (magnons) replace electrons as information carriers, promising lower dissipation1-3. The development of ultrafast nanoscale magnonic logic circuits calls for new tools and materials to generate coherent spin waves with frequencies as high, and wavelengths as short, as possible4,5. Antiferromagnets can host spin waves at terahertz (THz) frequencies and are therefore seen as a future platform for the fastest and the least dissipative transfer of information6-11. However, the generation of short-wavelength coherent propagating magnons in antiferromagnets has so far remained elusive. Here we report the efficient emission and detection of a nanometer-scale wavepacket of coherent propagating magnons in antiferromagnetic DyFeO3 using ultrashort pulses of light. The subwavelength confinement of the laser field due to large absorption creates a strongly non-uniform spin excitation profile, enabling the propagation of a broadband continuum of coherent THz spin waves. The wavepacket contains magnons with a shortest detected wavelength of 125 nm that propagate with supersonic velocities of more than 13 km/s into the material. This source of coherent short-wavelength spin carriers opens up new prospects for THz antiferromagnetic magnonics and coherence-mediated logic devices at THz frequencies.

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Resonant ultrafast excitation of infrared-active phonons is a powerful technique with which to control the electronic properties of materials that leads to remarkable phenomena such as the light-induced enhancement of superconductivity1,2, switching of ferroelectric polarization3,4 and ultrafast insulator-to-metal transitions5. Here, we show that light-driven phonons can be utilized to coherently manipulate macroscopic magnetic states. Intense mid-infrared electric field pulses tuned to resonance with a phonon mode of the archetypical antiferromagnet DyFeO3 induce ultrafast and long-living changes of the fundamental exchange interaction between rare-earth orbitals and transition metal spins. Non-thermal lattice control of the magnetic exchange, which defines the stability of the macroscopic magnetic state, allows us to perform picosecond coherent switching between competing antiferromagnetic and weakly ferromagnetic spin orders. Our discovery emphasizes the potential of resonant phonon excitation for the manipulation of ferroic order on ultrafast timescales6.

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Changes in the light energy distribution between the photosystems 1 and 2 (PS1 and PS2, respectively) due to the reversible migration of a part of the light-harvesting complex (LHC2) between the photosystems (state transitions, ST) have been studied in leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Arabidopsis thaliana plants upon short-term illumination with light of various intensity that excited predominantly PS2. Changes in the ratio of fluorescence maxima at 745 and 685 nm in the low-temperature (77 K) fluorescence spectrum of chlorophyll a (Chl a) characterizing energy absorption by the PS1 and PS2, respectively, were insufficient for revealing the differences in the STs in barley and Arabidopsis plants at various light intensities, because they were not associated with STs at high-intensity illumination. Light-induced accumulation of the LHC2 phosphorylated proteins Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 involved in the relocation of a part of the LHC2 from PS2 to PS1 in the leaves of both plants decreased with the increase in the light intensity and was more pronounced in barley than in Arabidopsis at the same light intensity. Relaxation of the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of Chl a fluorescence after illumination corresponding to the return of the part of LHC2 from PS1 to PS2 was observed in barley leaves in a wider range of increasing light intensities than in Arabidopsis leaves. The differences in the accumulation of phosphorylated Lhcb1 and Lhcb2, as well as in the parameters of NPQ relaxation after illumination, revealed that STs in barley leaves could occur not only at low-but also at high-intensity light, when it is absent in Arabidopsis leaves.

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Magnetic damping is a key metric for emerging technologies based on magnetic nanoparticles, such as spin torque memory and high-resolution biomagnetic imaging. Despite its importance, understanding of magnetic dissipation in nanoscale ferromagnets remains elusive, and the damping is often treated as a phenomenological constant. Here, we report the discovery of a giant frequency-dependent nonlinear damping that strongly alters the response of a nanoscale ferromagnet to spin torque and microwave magnetic field. This damping mechanism originates from three-magnon scattering that is strongly enhanced by geometric confinement of magnons in the nanomagnet. We show that the giant nonlinear damping can invert the effect of spin torque on a nanomagnet, leading to an unexpected current-induced enhancement of damping by an antidamping torque. Our work advances the understanding of magnetic dynamics in nanoscale ferromagnets and spin torque devices.

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The level of hormones in the tissues of sugar beet leaves of different age in parallel with their growth and metabolic activity was assayed; the latter was analyzed, measuring the contents of sugars and N-containing compounds, and the activities of Rubisco and proteases. The highest auxin and ABA concentration was detected in the actively growing upper leaf, while high level of cytokinins was maintained in the middle and upper leaves characterized by intensive photosynthesis. Leaf senescence being manifested in decline of chlorophyll content, decrease of photosynthesis and activation of proteolysis was accompanied by a decline in concentration of cytokinins. Glucose level gradually increased from upper (younger) to a lower (elder) leaves; this was accompanied with the signs of senescence on the background of decreased cytokinins level. Immuno-histochemical technique revealed increased level of abscisic acid in phloem parenchyma of the lowest leaf. The results suggest a possible involvement of auxins in maintaining leaf growth, an implication of decreased cytokinins level in the hypothesized induction of senescence by glucose, and a participation of abscisic acid in the active loading of metabolites into the phloem of senescing leaf.

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The characteristics of the formation of the superoxide radical anion ([Formula: see text]) and hydrogen peroxide by xanthine oxidases isolated from microorganisms and from cow's milk were investigated. The increase in pH led to an increase in the rate of xanthine oxidation with oxygen by both xanthine oxidases. The functioning of xanthine oxidase from milk along with the two-electron reduction of O2 to H2O2 carries through the one-electron reduction of O2 to [Formula: see text], and the rate and the fraction of generation of [Formula: see text] increased with increasing pH. Under operation of the microbial xanthine oxidase, the [Formula: see text] radical was not detected in the medium. The results suggest a difference in the operation of active centers of enzyme from different sources.

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Changes in expression levels of genes encoding carbonic anhydrases α-CA1, α-CA2, α-CA4, ß-CA1, ß-CA2, ß-CA3, ß-CA4, ß-CA5, and ß-CA6 in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves after light increase from 80 to 400 µmol PAR quanta·m-2·s-1 were investigated under short day (8 h) and long day (16 h) photoperiods. The expression of two forms of the gene, At3g01500.2 and At3g01500.3, encoding the most abundant carbonic anhydrase of leaves, ß-CA1, situated in chloroplast stroma, was found. The content of At3g01500.3 transcripts was higher by approximately an order of magnitude compared to the content of At3g01500.2 transcripts. When plants were adapted to high light intensity under short day photoperiod, the expression level of both forms increased, whereas under long day photoperiod, the content of At3g01500.3 transcripts increased, and the content of transcripts of At3g01500.2 decreased. The expression levels of the At3g01500.3 gene and of genes encoding chloroplast carbonic anhydrases α-CA1, α-CA4, α-CA2 and cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrase ß-CA2 increased significantly in response to increase in light intensity under short day, and these of the first three genes increased under long day as well. The expression level of the gene encoding α-CA2 under long day photoperiod as well as of genes of chloroplast ß-CA5 and ß-CA4 from plasma membranes and mitochondrial ß-CA6 under both photoperiods depended insignificantly on light intensity. Hypotheses about the roles in higher plant metabolism of the studied carbonic anhydrases are discussed considering the effects of light intensity on expression levels of the correspondent genes.

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Ultrafast control of magnets using femtosecond light pulses attracts interest regarding applications and fundamental physics of magnetism. Antiferromagnets are promising materials with magnon frequencies extending into the terahertz range. Visible or near-infrared light interacts mainly with the electronic orbital angular momentum. In many magnets, however, in particular with iron-group ions, the orbital momentum is almost quenched by the crystal field. Thus, the interaction of magnons with light is hampered, because it is only mediated by weak unquenching of the orbital momentum by spin-orbit interactions. Here we report all-optical excitation of magnons with frequencies up to 9 THz in antiferromagnetic CoO with an unquenched orbital momentum. In CoO, magnon modes are coupled oscillations of spin and orbital momenta with comparable amplitudes. We demonstrate excitations of magnon modes by directly coupling light with electronic orbital angular momentum, providing possibilities to develop magneto-optical devices operating at several terahertz with high output-to-input ratio.Light pulses can control magnetism in a material, and the effective creation of magnetic oscillations leads to spintronic devices with higher efficiency. Here, the authors increase the efficiency of magnon excitation by using a material in which orbital angular momenta are not quenched.

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Excitation of antiferromagnetic HoFeO3 with a single 80 fs laser pulse triggers a first-order spin-reorientation phase transition. In the ultrafast kinetics of the transition one can distinguish the processes of impulsive excitation of spin precession, nucleation of the new domain and growth of the nuclei. The orientation of the spins in the nuclei is defined by the phase of the laser-induced coherent spin precession. The growth of the nuclei is further promoted by heating induced by the laser excitation. Hereby we demonstrate that in HoFeO3 coherent control of the spin precession allows an effective control of the route of the heat-induced first-order magnetic phase transition. The theoretical description of the excitation of the spin precession by linearly-polarized ultrashort laser pulses is developed with the sigma model. The analysis showed high sensitivity of the excited dynamics to the initial spin orientations with respect to the crystallographic axes of the material.

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The expression of genes of two carbonic anhydrases (CA) belonging to the α-family, α-CA2 and α-CA4 (according to the nomenclature in N. Fabre et al. (2007) Plant Cell Environ., 30, 617-629), was studied in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana, var. Columbia) leaves. The expression of the At2g28210 gene coding α-CA2 decreased under increase in plant illumination, while the expression of the At4g20990 gene coding α-CA4 increased. Under conditions close to optimal for photosynthesis, in plants with gene At2g28210 knockout, the effective quantum yield of photosystem 2 and the light-induced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in leaves were lower than in wild type plants, while the coefficient of non-photochemical quenching of leaf chlorophyll a fluorescence and the rate of CO2 assimilation in leaves were higher. In plants with At4g20990 gene knockout, the same characteristics changed in opposite ways relative to wild type. Possible mechanisms of the participation of α-CA2 and α-CA4 in photosynthetic reactions are discussed, taking into account that protons can be either consumed or released in the reactions they catalyze.

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Excitation of the collinear compensated antiferromagnet DyFeO_{3} with a single 60 fs laser pulse triggers a phase transition across the Morin point into a noncollinear spin state with a net magnetization. Time-resolved imaging of the magnetization dynamics of this process reveals that the pulse first excites the spin oscillations upon damping of which the noncollinear spin state emerges. The sign of the photoinduced magnetization is defined by the relative orientation of the pump polarization and the direction of the antiferromagnetic vector in the initial collinear spin state.

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This review presents information about carbonic anhydrases, enzymes catalyzing the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions. The families of carbonic anhydrases are described, and data concerning the presence of their representatives in organisms of different classes, and especially in the higher plants, are considered. Proven and hypothetical functions of carbonic anhydrases in living organisms are listed. Particular attention is given to those functions of the enzyme that are relevant to photosynthetic reactions. These functions in algae are briefly described. Data about probable functions of carbonic anhydrases in plasma membrane, mitochondria, and chloroplast stroma of higher plants are discussed. Update concerning carbonic anhydrases in chloroplast thylakoids of higher plants, i.e. their quantity and possible participation in photosynthetic reactions, is given in detail.

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Congenital lung cysts are congenital anomaly of the trachea-bronchial tree, known as "bronchogenic" cysts. In this research study, the staff of the Department of Pediatric surgery - UMHAT "St.George" - Plovdiv, shares its experience in the treatment of four children with congenital bronchogenic cysts. Methods and ways of treatment are revealed precisely, also including other alternatives of surgical treatment. Thoracotomy and cystectomy are the methods of choice, while the Seldinger puncture of the cyst under ultrosonography control has been used in the case of one child. Results and outcome of the treatment are discussed.

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The optical response of semiconducting monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) is dominated by strongly bound excitons that are stable even at room temperature. However, substrate-related effects such as screening and disorder in currently available specimens mask many anticipated physical phenomena and limit device applications of TMDCs. Here, we demonstrate that that these undesirable effects are strongly suppressed in suspended devices. Extremely robust (photogain > 1,000) and fast (response time < 1 ms) photoresponse allow us to study, for the first time, the formation, binding energies, and dissociation mechanisms of excitons in TMDCs through photocurrent spectroscopy. By analyzing the spectral positions of peaks in the photocurrent and by comparing them with first-principles calculations, we obtain binding energies, band gaps and spin-orbit splitting in monolayer TMDCs. For monolayer MoS2, in particular, we obtain an extremely large binding energy for band-edge excitons, E bind ≥ 570 meV. Along with band-edge excitons, we observe excitons associated with a van Hove singularity of rather unique nature. The analysis of the source-drain voltage dependence of photocurrent spectra reveals exciton dissociation and photoconversion mechanisms in TMDCs.

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In arabidopsis plants, with an increase in illumination intensity during growth the extent of reduction of the plastoquinone pool in the photosynthetic electron transport chain increased, whereas the effective quantum yield of photosynthesis decreased. After 5 days of growth under high illumination intensity, these parameters in high light returned to values observed in "shade-adapted" plants in low light. During the same period, the size of the antenna decreased, correlating with a decrease in the amounts of proteins of peripheral pigment-protein complexes. It was found that the decrease in the amounts of these proteins occurred due to suppression of transcription of their genes.

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A new type of high functionality, fast, compact, and easy programmable arbitrary waveform generator for low noise physical measurements is presented. The generator provides 7 fast differential waveform channels with a maximum bandwidth up to 200 MHz frequency. There are 6 fast pulse generators on the generator board with 78 ps time resolution in both duration and delay, 3 of them with amplitude control. The arbitrary waveform generator is additionally equipped with two auxiliary slow 16 bit analog-to-digital converters and four 16 bit digital-to-analog converters for low frequency applications. Electromagnetic shields are introduced to the power supply, digital, and analog compartments and with a proper filter design perform more than 110 dB digital noise isolation to the output signals. All the output channels of the board have 50 Ω SubMiniature version A termination. The generator board is suitable for use as a part of a high sensitive physical equipment, e.g., fast read out and manipulation of nuclear magnetic resonance or superconducting quantum systems and any other application, which requires electromagnetic interference free fast pulse and arbitrary waveform generation.

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Experimental data concerning the role of ascorbic acid in both the maintenance of photosynthesis and in the protection of the photosynthetic apparatus against reactive oxygen species and photoinhibition are reviewed. The function of ascorbic acid as an electron donor in the "Krasnovsky reaction", as well as its physiological role as a donor to components of the photosynthetic electron transport chain, which was first studied by A. A. Krasnovsky in the 1980s, is discussed. Data on the content and transport of ascorbic acid in plant cells and chloroplasts are presented.

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BACKGROUND: Suppurative-destructive diseases of the lung and pleura are prevalent kind of diseases occurring in children. They represent 9.1% of thoracic surgical diseases in this age. In such diseases, the pleural drainage is the most commonly used at present time. One of the methods is the transthoracic drainage by Seldinger. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Over the period of 13 years (2000-2012), 101 children with different forms of acute purulent destructive processes of the lung and pleura were treated in the Department of Pediatric Surgery of the University Hospital "St. George "- Plovdiv. We used percutaneous (transthoracic) drainage (Seldinger method) in the case of three children with lung abscess complicated pleuropneumonia with empyema. RESULTS: We achieved positive effect in treatment with all three children, without introducing additional operating procedures. CONCLUSION: There is still no consensus regarding the surgical treatment of various forms of acute suppurative-destructive diseases of the lungs and pleura (ASDDLP). Some authors attach great importance to the puncture method of treating ASDDLP, whilst they recommend the application of another treatment in case of failure.

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An ultra-wide stopband hairpin bandpass filter with integrated nonuniform transmission lines was designed and fabricated for highly sensitive measurements at cryogenic temperatures down to millikelvin and a frequency range of 10 Hz-10 GHz. The scattering matrices of the filter were characterized at T = 4.2 K. The filter provides a stopband from 10 Hz to 2.2 GHz and from 2.3 GHz to 10 GHz with more than 50 dB and 40 dB of amplitude suppression, respectively. The center frequency of the passband is f0 = 2.25 GHz with a bandwidth Δf = 80 MHz. The maximum insertion loss in the passband is 4 dB. The filter has a 50 Ω input and output impedance, SubMiniature version A connector termination, and significantly reduced form factor. The wide stopband frequency range and narrow passband in conjunction with small dimensions make the filter suitable to use it as a part of a high sensitive readout for superconducting quantum circuits, such as superconducting quantum bits and cryogenic parametric amplifiers.