RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Pressure Injury (PI) is a severe health problem that affects millions of people. As a preventive strategy for high-risk ICU patients, the appropriate selection of a support surface is essential for preventing PI, along with risk assessment and repositioning. Increasing skin temperature has been associated with a higher susceptibility to PI development. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate thermal variations related to skin pressure in the sacral area of healthy individuals lying on three different mattresses models (standard, inflatable air, and egg crate). DESIGN: Experimental study. MAIN OUTCOMES: Initially, a survey was performed to identify the mattresses models most used in four public university hospitals and preventive strategies adopted. And then, an experimental study was conducted with a non-probabilistic sample involving 28 individuals of both sexes, aged 18-35 years old. The volunteers were immobilized for 2 h, and temperature variations in the sacral region were obtained by acquiring thermal images. RESULTS: A significant difference was not found in the temperature recorded on the three mattresses models before the experiment. However, there were significant differences at the 1st and 31st minute (p < 0.001). The lowest temperature values were identified in the air inflatable mattress. Post-hoc comparisons revealed a significant difference between standard or egg crate mattresses and the inflatable air model. CONCLUSION: The inflatable air mattress should be considered for preventing pressure injury in ICU patients since the temperature had returned to the initial value (pre-test) after the 31st min. In addition to the appropriate selection surface, risk assessment and positioning are essential to PI prevention strategies.
Asunto(s)
Lechos , Región Sacrococcígea , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Joven , Frío , Piel , Temperatura , Úlcera por PresiónRESUMEN
INTRODUÇÃO: O ultrassom (US) terapêutico atua nos tecidos biológicos por meio da vibração, que é capaz de produzir efeitos fisiológicos térmicos e não térmicos. OBJETIVO: Discutir os parâmetros que afetam o aquecimento dos tecidos biológicos, decorrente da aplicação do US. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Efetuou-se levantamento bibliográfico nas bases de pesquisa ISI WEB e SCOPUS. Foram selecionados os artigos, na língua inglesa, que tiveram como ponto central, o estudo da variação da temperatura após a aplicação do US em humanos. RESULTADOS: Foram observadas variações significativas em relação ao aumento de temperatura tecidual. Para a frequência de 3MHz, ocorre um aumento médio de 2,6 ºC nos tecidos superficiais; e para 1MHz, há um aumento médio de 1,7 ºC em tecidos profundos. Há um maior aquecimento do tecido em relação ao tamanho da ERA (área de radiação efetiva), quanto menor o tamanho maior o aquecimento. Também há um aumento da temperatura em relação às intensidades. Intensidades variando entre 0,5 a 3 W/cm² apresentam um acréscimo significativo de temperatura. Em relação à forma de aplicação, o gel proporciona melhor acoplamento, gerando maior aquecimento com um tempo de aplicação de cinco minutos - o tempo de aplicação deve ser adequado à área de tratamento e à densidade de potência. Entretanto, a velocidade de aplicação parece não modificar o aquecimento até 7-8 cm/s, mesmo que dispositivos diferentes aqueçam em níveis diferentes. CONCLUSÃO: Os parâmetros para a aplicação do US devem ser controlados e ajustados para produzir o aquecimento profundo dos tecidos considerando a variação entre dispositivos.
INTRODUCTION: The therapeutic ultrasound act in biological tissues by means of vibration can produce physiological effects of thermal and non-thermal. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the parameters that affect the heating of biological tissues by ultrasound. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a literature research based on ISI Web and SCOPUS database. We selected the articles in the English language that have studied the temperature variation after the application of ultrasound in humans. RESULTS: There are significant variations related to tissue-temperature rise. For the 3MHz ultrasound, there is an average increase of 2.6 ºC in superficial tissues, and to the 1MHz US, there is an average increase of 1.7 ºC in deep tissues. There is a higher heating of the treated tissue when an area twice the ERA (effective radiating area) size, the shorter the higher the heating, there is an increase in temperature relative intensities. Intensities ranging from 0.5 to 3 W/cm² have a significant increase in temperature. Regarding the mode of application, the gel provides an improved coupling, generating more heat with an application time of five minutes - the application time depends on the treatment area and power density. However, the speed of application appears to modify the heating up to 7-8 cm/s. Also, different commercial devices produce heat differently. CONCLUSION: Parameters for ultrasound application must be controlled and adjusted to generate deep heating of tissues considering that it may vary among devices.