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AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated the effects of erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser on the weight percentage of mineral content of enamel when etched at three different power settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total 20 extracted molar teeth were taken as samples. Enamel slabs were prepared by sectioning the crown from the buccal and lingual aspect with a double-sided diamond disk at slow speed. The 40 specimens were divided into four groups, i.e., control, 1 W, 2 W, and 3 W of 10 specimens each and then irradiation by Er,Cr:YSGG was done. The elements evaluated were calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and phosphorus (P). The mean weights of these minerals and the Ca:P ratio in each slab were measured by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDAX). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Turkey's test was performed with the help of critical difference (CD) or least significant difference (LSD) at 5 and 1% level of significance. RESULTS: There was no significant differences among the four groups for the five minerals and for the calcium:phosphorous ratio (p > 0.05). Photomicrographs by scanning electron microscopy observations revealed that the surfaces exposed to a 3 watt irradiation showed more roughness than those of the 1 watt and 2 watt groups. CONCLUSION: The Er,Cr:YSGG irradiation of enamel at 1 W, 2 W, and 3 W had no significant effect on the mean percentage weights of Ca, K, Mg, Na, and P or the Ca/P ratio in any group. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Constriction with conviction is the new motto of restorative dentistry. Er,Cr:YSGG not only fulfills the aim but also is proving to alter the surface properties by recrystallization and change in composition making the prepared surface caries resistant.

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AIM AND OBJECTIVE: In the present study, the prepared roots obturated by gutta-percha/AH plus and Resilon/Epiphany were tested and compared for fracture resistance. The study also does a scanning electron microscope (SEM) evaluation of the adaptability of these obturating materials to root canal walls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred extracted mandibular premolars were decoronated and the dimensions of the roots were standardized. Each root was prepared to a size of #25 with 6% taper. Roots were gauged after preparation and those requiring more preparation were discarded. Seventy-seven prepared roots were finally selected for the study. The samples were then divided into three groups. Group I with 25 specimens was control group in which no obturation was performed, group II with 26 specimens was obturated by gutta-percha/AH plus sealer, and group III with 26 specimens was filled by Resilon/Epiphany. The method for obturation was cold lateral condensation. The samples were then stored at 100% humidity for 2 weeks. One random sample from groups II and III was subjected to SEM analysis. Groups I, II, and III were then subjected to vertical loading in Instron machine. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and Tukey's multiple comparison test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Group III exhibited the maximum fracture resistance as compared to groups I and II. The least mean fracture resistance of 370.05 N was seen in group II and the maximum mean fracture resistance of 481.05 kN was observed in group III. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison test between groups I, II, and III, group III showed a highly significant resistance to fracture as compared to groups I and II (p < 0.0001). Scanning electron microscope microphotographs showed a better adaptation of Resilon/Epiphany as compared to gutta-percha/AH plus to the root canal. CONCLUSION: The Resilon/Epiphany on obturation of root canals creates a monoblock by penetrating inside the dentinal irregularities, which strengthens the root and provides fracture resistance. This fracture resistance was significantly higher in the present study as compared to groups I and II. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: In the present study, Resilon/Epiphany when used to obturate the prepared canals showed a promising result both in terms of fracture resistance and adaptability to root canal walls. This paves a way for the use of this combination of obturating material not only to strengthen the compromised root strength in clinical scenario but also providing an increased sealing ability which will contribute to the success of root canal treatment.

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Cutaneous horn is conical shape of compact keratin that resembles a miniature animal horn. Though morphologically similar to horns in animals they are histologically very different from them. It is a circumscribed, conical, hyperkeratotic dense protrusion with epithelial cornification above the skin surface in response to a wide range of underlying benign and malignant pathological changes. Though benign, a cutaneous horn holds the potential to be premalignant or malignant. In India till now six cases has been reported with cutaneous horn at various unusual sites. We report a unique case of 52-year-old woman with a giant cutaneous horn at left oral commissure with underlying verrucous carcinoma of left buccal mucosa which is a very rare location for such lesion. Considering its malignant potential, adequate therapy requires wide excision with a tumour-free margin of at least 1 cm, particularly in the facial region where the incidence of malignancy is higher.

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INTRODUCTION: The pre-adjusted brackets are available in various prescriptions and sizes; nevertheless there are still many controversies as to which pre-adjusted edgewise bracket offers the maximum clinical efficiency. AIM: This study was conducted to determine and compare the amount of lower incisor proclination during de-crowding if any of the Mini-Uni Twin Brackets with that of the standard double width brackets. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 20 patients i.e., 10 patients in each group both males and females were randomly selected for the study from subjects seeking treatment, the selected samples were grouped as follows. Group I - Double Width Brackets (3M Unitek Gemini Series) 0.018" slot with Roth prescription. Group II - Mini Uni-Twin Bracket (3M Unitek) 0.018" slot with Roth prescription. RESULTS: The Mini-Uni Twin Brackets had statistically significant (p = 0.01) amount of proclination of the lower anteriors (0.8(o)± 0.3(o)) after de-crowding as compared to the standard Double Width Brackets and since the mean change in the Incisor Mandibular Plane Angle (IMPA) was lesser than 1(o), its clinical significance could be questionable. CONCLUSION: The Mini Uni Twin brackets are comparatively efficient in the lower anterior decrowding but further comparative clinical studies need to be performed on these Mini Uni Twin brackets, with an increase in the sample size and also the number of parameters to prove its total clinical efficiency.

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INTRODUCTION: Etching of enamel and dentin surfaces increases the surface area of the substrate for better bonding of the tooth colored restorative materials. Acid etching is the most commonly used method. Recently, hard tissue lasers have been used for this purpose. AIM: The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the etching pattern of Er,Cr:YSGG and conventional etching on extracted human enamel and dentin specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total 40 extracted non-diseased teeth were selected, 20 anterior and 20 posterior teeth each for enamel and dentin specimens respectively. The sectioned samples were polished by 400 grit Silicon Carbide (SiC) paper to a thickness of 1.0 ± 0.5 mm. The enamel and dentin specimens were grouped as: GrE1 & GrD1 as control specimens, GrE2 & GrD2 were acid etched and GrE3 & GrD3 were lased. Acid etching was done using Conditioner 36 (37 % phosphoric acid) according to manufacturer instructions. Laser etching was done using Er,Cr:YSGG (Erbium, Chromium : Ytrium Scandium Gallium Garnet) at power settings of 3W, air 70% and water 20%. After surface treatment with assigned agents the specimens were analyzed under ESEM (Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope) at X1000 and X5000 magnification. RESULTS: Chi Square and Student "t" statistical analysis was used to compare smear layer removal and etching patterns between GrE2-GrE3. GrD2 and GrD3 were compared for smear layer removal and diameter of dentinal tubule opening using the same statistical analysis. Chi-square test for removal of smear layer in any of the treated surfaces i.e., GrE2-E3 and GrD2-D3 did not differ significantly (p>0.05). While GrE2 showed predominantly type I etching pattern (Chi-square=2.78, 0.05

0.10) and GrE3 showed type III etching (Chi-square=4.50, p<0.05). The tubule diameters were measured using GSA (Gesellschaft fur Softwareentwicklung und Analytik, Germany) image analyzer and the 't' value of student 't' test was 18.10 which was a highly significant result (p<.001). GrD2 had a mean dentinal tubule diameter of 2.78µm and GrD3 of 1.09µm. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed type I etching pattern after acid etching, while type III etching pattern in enamel after laser etching. The lased dentin showed preferential removal of intertubular dentin while acid etching had more effect on the peritubular dentin. No significant differences was observed in removal of smear layer between the acid etched and lased groups. Although diameter of the exposed dentinal tubules was lesser after lased treatment in comparison to acid etching, further long term in vivo studies are needed with different parameters to establish the usage of Er,Cr:YSGG as a sole etching agent.

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This is a case report of a rare clinical entity known as atypical histiocytic granuloma (AHG), which was previously grouped under a broad category known as pseudolymphoma or traumatic eosinophilic granuloma. Less than 15 cases of AHG have been reported until date. AHG poses diagnostic dilemma due to its clinical as well as histopathological appearance where it stimulates malignancy. A proper clinicopathological evaluation is necessary to establish the diagnosis and to avoid overtreatment. In this report, we review previously reported cases in literature and try to establish proper clinicopathological correlation, differential diagnosis and management. These will familiarize clinicians to include AHG in their differential diagnosis as well as for the pathologist to segregate pseudolymphomatous lesion in their proper categories. The role of immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been given prime importance to establish the exact diagnosis. Further in this report, we review different status on lymphoproliferative disorders and advocate the use of IHC in categorizing these lesions upon cell lineage and to establish proper nomenclature for these lesions.

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