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A total of 1158 cats with feline upper respiratory tract infection were incorporated from twenty animal hospitals in Wuhan, China, from April 2019 to April 2022 to investigate the epidemiology of feline calicivirus (FCV), herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1), Mycoplasma felis (M. felis) and Chlamydia felis (C. felis) for the development of a geographically-specific FCV vaccine with reference to prevalence and risk factors for infection. The 871 samples (75.2%) of kittens were younger than 12 months, of which 693 were males, and 456 were females. Among the samples, 443 were British shorthair cats, accounting for 38.3%, and 252 were Chinese rural cats, accounting for 21.8%. PCR/RT-PCR detection of the above four viruses (FCV, FHV-1, M. felis, and C. felis) in the upper respiratory tract of cats showed that the total positive samples were 744 (64.3%), including 465 positive samples of feline calicivirus, accounting for 40.2% of the total 1158 samples. There were 311 positive samples of M. felis, accounting for 26.9% of the total samples, ranked second in clinical practice. The 180 positive samples of feline herpesvirus accounted for 15.5%, and 85 positive samples of Chlamydia felis accounted for 7.3%. Among them, the number of positive samples of single pathogenic infections was 493, accounting for 66.3% of the total 744 positive samples. Double, triple, and quadruple infections accounted for 28.2%, 5.0%, and 0.5%, respectively, with the highest proportion of single infections. The molecular biological characteristics of the 17 isolated FCVd strains in Wuhan were further analyzed. It was found that the F9 vaccine strain and the antigenic epitopes in the 5'HVR of the E region were collated with the F9 vaccine strain. Moreover, phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the strains related to the F9 and 255 vaccines were distantly related, leading to the failure of the vaccine. In addition, the strains associated with the F9 and 255 vaccines were distant, which might lead to vaccine failure in anticipation of the development of a more phylogenetically close FCV vaccine in China and may require the development of a vaccine for a locally related FCV strain.
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Yogurt is defined as a coagulated milk product obtained from the fermentation of lactose into lactic acid. Drinking yogurt (laban) was prepared from buffalo milk, cow milk, and a 50:50 blend (cow + buffalo milks) by adding 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose to each of the 3 milk treatments. Samples were then refrigerated for 7, 14, and 21 d before determination of physical, microbial, and sensory parameters. Yogurt prepared from buffalo milk had higher fat and protein contents, and better taste, aroma, and overall consumer acceptability compared with laban prepared from cow milk or mixed milk. During storage, protein and total solids contents remained unchanged, whereas milk fat, color, appearance, taste, smell, texture, and overall acceptability of laban decreased in the different treatment groups. The acidity of laban increased with storage time. Bacteria, including coliforms, were not found in any treatment group during storage. In conclusion, overall acceptability of laban prepared from buffalo milk was higher than that made from cow milk or mixed milk, but increased storage time reduced the quality of laban prepared from cow, buffalo, or mixed milk.
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Búfalos , Yogur , Femenino , Bovinos , Animales , Yogur/microbiología , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Leche/química , Fermentación , GustoRESUMEN
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is an opportunistic pathogen that cause necrotic enteritis, food poisoning and even death in animals. In this study, we explored the prevalence, antibiotic resistance and genetic diversity of Clostridium perfringens isolated from yak in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, China. A total of 744 yak fecal samples were collected and assessed for toxin genes, antimicrobial susceptibility and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results indicated that 144 out of 744 (19.35%) yak fecal samples were tested to be positive for C. perfringens, 75% (n = 108, 108/144) were C. perfringens type A, 17.36% (n = 25, 25/144) were C. perfringens type C, 2.78% (n = 4, 4/144) were C. perfringens type D, and 4.86% (n = 7, 7/144) were C. perfringens type F. In addition, 2.78% (n = 4, 4/144) of the isolates were positive for cpb2 toxin gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 98.61% (142/144) of the isolates showed multiple-antibiotic resistance. According to MLST and phylogenetic tree, 144 yak-derived C. perfringens isolates had an average of 12.95 alleles and could be divided into 89 sequence types (STs) and clustered in 11 clonal complexes (CCs). The most of isolates belong to type A with a considerable genetic diversity, having Simpson index up to 0.9754. MLST and phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates under the same clade came from multiple regions. Cross-transmission among isolates and interconnectedness were observed in the genetic evolution. According to the study, the most of the isolates exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial resistance, diverse alleles, and multiple lethal toxin genes of C. perfringens.
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Diarrhea is a word-widely severe disease coupled with gastrointestinal dysfunction, especially in cattle causing huge economic losses. However, the effects of currently implemented measures are still not enough to prevent diarrhea. Previously we found that dropped short-chain fatty acids in diarrhea yaks, and butyrate is commonly known to be related to the epithelial barrier function and intestinal inflammation. However, it is still unknown whether sodium acetate/sodium butyrate could alleviate diarrhea in animals. The present study is carried out to explore the potential effects of sodium acetate/sodium butyrate on lipopolysaccharide-induced diarrhea in mice. Fifty ICR mice were randomly divided into control (C), LPS-induced (L), and sodium acetate/sodium butyrate (D, B, A)-treated groups. Serum and intestine samples were collected to examine inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant levels, relative gene expressions via real-time PCR assay, and gut microbiota changes through high-throughput sequencing. Results indicated that LPS decreased the villus height (p < 0.0001), increased the crypt depth (p < 0.05), and lowered the villus height to crypt depth ratio (p < 0.0001), while sodium acetate/sodium butyrate supplementation caused a significant increase in the villus height (p < 0.001), decrease in the crypt depth (p < 0.01), and increase in the villus height to crypt depth ratio (p < 0.001), especially. In mice treated with LPS, it was found that the serum level of IL-1ß, TNF-α (p < 0.001), and MDA (p < 0.01) was significantly higher; however, sodium acetate/sodium butyrate supplementation significantly reduced IL-1ß (p < 0.001), TNF-α (p < 0.01), and MDA (p < 0.01), respectively. A total of 19 genera were detected among mouse groups; LPS challenge decreased the abundance of Lactobacillus, unidentified F16, unidentified_S24-7, Adlercreutzia, Ruminococcus, unclassified Pseudomonadales, [Ruminococcus], Acetobacter, cc 1, Rhodococcus, unclassified Comamonadaceae, Faecalibacterium, and Cupriavidus, while increased Shigella, Rhodococcus, unclassified Comamonadaceae, and unclassified Pseudomonadales in group L. Interestingly, sodium acetate/sodium butyrate supplementation increased Lactobacillus, unidentified F16, Adlercreutzia, Ruminococcus, [Ruminococcus], unidentified F16, cc 115, Acetobacter, Faecalibacterium, and Cupriavidus, while decreased Shigella, unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, unclassified Pseudomonadales, Rhodococcus, and unclassified Comamonadaceae. LPS treatment upregulated the expressions of ZO-1 (p < 0.01) and NLRP3 (p < 0.0001) genes in mice; however, sodium acetate/sodium butyrate solution supplementation downregulated the expressions of ZO-1 (p < 0.05) and NLRP3 (p < 0.05) genes in treated mice. Also, the LPS challenge clearly downregulated the expression of Occludin (p < 0.001), Claudin (p < 0.0001), and Caspase-1 (p < 0.0001) genes, while sodium acetate/sodium butyrate solution supplementation upregulated those gene expressions in treated groups. The present study revealed that sodium acetate/sodium butyrate supplementation alleviated LPS-induced diarrhea in mice via enriching beneficial bacterium and decreasing pathogens, which could regulate oxidative damages and inflammatory responses via NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling. The current results may give insights into the prevention and treatment of diarrhea.
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Accumulating studies indicated that gut microbial changes played key roles in the progression of multiple diseases, which seriously threaten the host health. Gut microbial dysbiosis is closely associated with the development of diarrhea, but gut microbial composition and variability in diarrheic horses have not been well characterized. Here, we investigated gut fungal compositions and changes in healthy and diarrheic horses using amplicon sequencing. Results indicated that the alpha and beta diversities of gut fungal community in diarrheal horses changed significantly, accompanied by distinct changes in taxonomic compositions. The types of main fungal phyla (Neocallimastigomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota) in healthy and diarrheal horses were same but different in relative abundances. However, the species and abundances of dominant fungal genera in diarrheal horses changed significantly compared with healthy horses. Results of Metastats analysis indicated that all differential fungal phyla (Blastocladiomycota, Kickxellomycota, Rozellomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Mortierellomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Glomeromycota, and Olpidiomycota) showed a decreasing trend during diarrhea. Moreover, a total of 175 differential fungal genera were identified for the gut fungal community between healthy and diarrheal horses, where 4 fungal genera increased significantly, 171 bacterial genera decreased dramatically during diarrhea. Among these decreased bacteria, 74 fungal genera even completely disappeared from the intestine. Moreover, this is the first comparative analysis of equine gut fungal community in different health states, which is beneficial to understand the important role of gut fungal community in equine health.
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A total of 896 1-day-old straight-run (Ross-308) broilers were used to investigate the interactive effects of protein source (PS), diet structure (DS) and butyric acid (BA) on live performance and carcass characteristics, gut development and its morphology and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of protein and amino acids (AA). Eight experimental diets comprising 8 replicates with 14 birds each were tested in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with complete randomized design by two levels of BA (0 and 0.1%), two forms of DS (whole vs. ground wheat) and two PS, i.e., soybean meal and canola meal (SBM vs. CM). Throughout the entire experimental period (0 to 35 d), broilers fed SBM-based diets exhibited better (p < 0.05) growth performance (feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR)), carcass parameters (p < 0.05), gut health (p < 0.05), and nutrient digestibility (p < 0.05) than CM-fed broilers. Dietary whole wheat (WW) positively affected FI (p = 0.001), BWG (p = 0.004) and FCR (p = 0.035) during the overall experimental period. Broilers fed WW had 6, 5, 8, 11 and 10% lower empty relative weights of crop, proventriculus, jejunum, ileum and colon and 25 and 15% heavier gizzard and pancreas, respectively, with longer villus height (p < 0.001), reduced crypt depth (p = 0.031) and longer villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (p < 0.001) than those fed ground-wheat-based diets. Broilers fed WW had greater (p < 0.05) AID of CP and most of the AA. Butyric acid supplementation resulted in improved (p < 0.05) growth performance and digestibility of threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, serine and aspartate. The broilers consuming SBM had 28% lower abdominal fat than those fed CM-based diets. In conclusion, harmful consequences of a less digestible PS can partially be compensated by the inclusion of WW, and supplementation of BA further reduces these detrimental effects.
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The effect of Bacillus subtilis on the immune responses and morphometry of the immune organs was evaluated in broilers challenged with S. gallinarum. For this purpose, Salmonella-free birds (n = 240) were split into four groups with six replicates of ten birds each. Groups included an NC (negative control, non-infected + non-medicated), a PC-S (positive control, Salmonella-infected + non-medicated), an AT-S (Salmonella-infected + medicated with enrofloxacin), and a BS-S (Salmonella-infected + B. subtilis (2.0 × 1010 cfu/g; 0.1 g/kg) group. On day 21, the thickness of the thymus cortex and medulla, germinal centre area of the spleen, bursal follicular length and bursal follicular area increased (P < 0.05) in the BS-S when compared to the NC and PC-S groups. On day 35, the BS-S group exhibited a higher (P < 0.05) antibody titre against the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and cortex of the thymus was thicker (P < 0.05) compared to the other groups. A decrease in the thymus medulla thickness, germinal area of the spleen and bursal follicular number were noted in the PC-S group when compared to the other treatment groups. In conclusion, the prophylactic use of B. subtilis type probiotics alleviated the stress resulting from a Salmonella gallinarum infection and improved the immune organs development and function in infected broilers.