RESUMEN
Ice worlds are at the forefront of astrobiological interest because of the evidence of subsurface oceans. Enceladus in particular is unique among the icy moons because there are known vent systems that are likely connected to a subsurface ocean, through which the ocean water is ejected to space. An existing study has shown that sending small robots into the vents and directly sampling the ocean water is likely possible. To enable such a mission, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory is developing a snake-like robot called Exobiology Extant Life Surveyor (EELS) that can navigate Enceladus' extreme surface and descend an erupting vent to capture unaltered liquid samples and potentially reach the ocean. However, navigating to and through Enceladus' environment is challenging: Because of the limitations of existing orbital reconnaissance, there is substantial uncertainty with respect to its geometry and the physical properties of the surface/vents; communication is limited, which requires highly autonomous robots to execute the mission with limited human supervision. Here, we provide an overview of the EELS project and its development effort to create a risk-aware autonomous robot to navigate these extreme ice terrains/environments. We describe the robot's architecture and the technical challenges to navigate and sense the icy environment safely and effectively. We focus on the challenges related to surface mobility, task and motion planning under uncertainty, and risk quantification. We provide initial results on mobility and risk-aware task and motion planning from field tests and simulated scenarios.
Asunto(s)
Actitud Frente a la Salud , Participación de la Comunidad , Curriculum/normas , Bachillerato en Enfermería/organización & administración , Evaluación de Necesidades/organización & administración , Participación del Paciente/métodos , Participación del Paciente/psicología , Desarrollo de Programa/métodos , Conducta Cooperativa , HumanosRESUMEN
An accident flying squad has been in operation in the North District of Lincolnshire AHA since December last year. Author describes how the service was set up and how it goes about its life-saving business.
Asunto(s)
Ambulancias , Servicios Médicos de Urgencia/organización & administración , InglaterraRESUMEN
To assess the validity of attachment scores derived from the Ainsworth "strange situation," 56 1-year-olds and 79 2-year-olds accompanied by either the mother, the father, or a brief acquaintance were studied. Proximity to the adult, duration of play, crying, activity, and the incidence of looks and distance bids were measured. 1-year-olds were more secure with their parents: they were more active, played more, cried less, and stood closer to their parents than to an acquaintance. 2-year-olds accompanied by their parents were less settled in the presence of a stranger than children accompanied by the acquaintance. The adequacy of current conceptions and measures of attachment was discussed in light of these results.
Asunto(s)
Apego a Objetos , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Preescolar , Conducta Exploratoria , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , SocializaciónRESUMEN
Data from a rocket experiment show details which were not known from ground-based observations.