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BACKGROUND: Chemoembolization with small drug-eluting microspheres is widely used in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of transarterial chemoembolization with doxorubicin-eluting 30-60-µm microspheres (DEB-TACE) in patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage A and B HCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this single-center study, 88 patients with HCC (BCLC A/B: 15.9%/84.1%) who underwent 137 DEB-TACE sessions between January 2015 and December 2020 were retrospectively assessed. Response to treatment was assessed 4-8 weeks after each DEB-TACE procedure according to mRECIST (Modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) criteria. Progression-free survival (PFS), time to progression (TTP), overall survival (OS), and adverse events were recorded. RESULTS: In 88 patients (84.1% males; median age, 66.0 years; range, 22-83), the median follow-up was 17 months (range, 2-64). Eight patients (9.1%) had a complete response, 42 (47.8%) had partial regression, 10 (11.3%) had stable disease, and 28 (31.8%) had progressive disease. There was a statistically significant difference between serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels before and after DEB-TACE treatment (p < 0.001). The median OS was 17 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.3-23.7). Cox regression analyses found that preprocedural serum AFP level (400+ vs. < 400; p = 0.024), Child Pugh classification (B vs. A; p = 0.019), and number of DEB-TACE sessions (1 vs. > 1; p = 0.003) were independent risk factors affecting OS. The median PFS was 8 months (95% CI, 5.8-10.2) and TTP was 6 months (1-14 months). CONCLUSION: Chemoembolization with 30-60-µm microspheres is an effective and safe treatment for HCC. The number of DEB-TACE sessions is also one of the factors affecting OS.

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BACKGROUND: Cancellations of surgeries for elective cases and late admissions of symptomatic cases during the pandemic period might have increased the number of cases of acute cholecystitis and its complications. PURPOSE: To compare the severity of acute cholecystitis and complication rates during the pandemic and pre-pandemic periods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We evaluated the computed tomography (CT) findings observed for the diagnosis of complications for both acute simple and acute complicated cholecystitis during both the pandemic and pre-pandemic periods. Patients admitted to the hospital between March 2020 and December 2020 made up the study group and the corresponding appropriate patients from one year earlier were studied as the control group. In addition to the CT findings, clinical and laboratory findings, co-morbidities such as diabetes, as well as the admission time to hospital from the onset of the initial symptoms to hospital admission were also evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 88 patients were evaluated (54 in the study group, 34 in the control group; mean age = 64.3 ± 16.3 years). The male-to-female ratio was 51/37. The number of patients diagnosed with complicated cholecystitis were significantly higher in the study group (P = 0.03). Murphy finding and diabetes status were similar between the two groups (P = 0.086 and P = 0.308, respectively). Admission time to the hospital was significantly different for study and control groups in simple cholecystitis patients (P = 0.045); with no significant difference in cases of complicated cholecystitis (P = 0.499). CONCLUSION: Our study reveals the course of acute cholecystitis during the pandemic period was much more serious with higher complications.

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PURPOSE: To investigate possible relationships between the presence and location of arterial transit artifacts (ATA) and clinical symptoms, digital subtraction angiography (DSA), and dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) perfusion imaging abnormalities in patients with carotid artery stenosis (CAS). METHODS: Forty-seven patients who underwent arterial spin labeling (ASL) and DSC perfusion imaging in the same period diagnosed with > 50% unilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis by DSA performed 24 h after perfusion imaging were included. The presence of ATA, localization and hypoperfusion were evaluated using ASL interpretation. Maps derived from DSC perfusion, symptomatology, stenosis rates, and collateralization findings observed in DSA were investigated. Probable relationships were evaluated. RESULTS: ATA on ASL were detected in 68.1% (32/47); 40.6% (13/32) of ATAs were observed in the distal middle cerebral artery (MCA) trace, 50% (16/32) in the intracranial ICA and MCA traces, and 9.4% (3/32) in the intracranial ICA trace. When classifications based on the ATA presence and localization was made, qualitative and quantitative CBF, MTT, and TTP abnormalities, symptomatology, stenosis rates, and collateralization findings significantly differed between groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The presence and localization of ATA in patients with CAS may provide essential insights into cerebral hemodynamics and the CAS severity. ATAs observed only in the distal MCA trace may represent early-stage perfusion abnormalities and a moderate level of stenosis. ATA in the ICA trace may related to a more advanced level of perfusion abnormalities, critical stenosis rates, symptom or collateralization presence.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the corkscrew collaterals in Buerger's disease by superb microvascular imaging (SMI) and power Doppler ultrasonography (PDU). METHODS: We evaluated with SMI and PDU 14 patients with Buerger's disease in whom corkscrew collaterals had been identified on digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Corkscrew collaterals were classified on DSA and PDU based on their size and morphology. RESULTS: A total of 17 vascular regions of collateral vessel formation were assessed. Based on DSA classification, there were three cases of type I collaterals (arterial diameter of >2 mm with large helical pattern), seven cases of type III collaterals (arterial diameter of 1-1.5 mm with small helical pattern), and seven cases of type IV collaterals (arterial diameter of <1 mm with tiny helical pattern). On PDU, all type I collaterals on DSA appeared as "large snake" images, all type III collaterals on DSA appeared as "small snake" images, and all type IV collaterals on DSA appeared as dots. SMI imaging, both in color and monochrome mode, provided superior demonstration of the continuity of the vessel of large or small "snake" images. In cases appearing as dot pattern on PDU, color SMI was able to show continuity of the flow signal as a helical pattern. DISCUSSION: SMI is a promising new Doppler imaging technique that is superior to conventional power Doppler imaging in depiction and identification of corkscrew collaterals in Buerger's disease.

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OBJECTIVES: We explored whether wideband tympanometry (WBT) could be used as a screening test for superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD), and obtained new WBT data (given that the test is not yet in common clinical use) on patients with SSCD. METHODS: We compared the WBT data of patients clinically and radiologically diagnosed with SSCD in our hospital between 2013 and 2018 to those of healthy volunteers. We compared the resonance frequency (RF), maximum absorbance frequency (MAF), and maximum absorbance ratio (MAR). The t-test was used for statistical analysis with the significance level set to P<0.05. In addition, we used receiver operating characteristic analysis to derive cutoff values for SSCD diagnosis in terms of sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: Seventeen patients (four with bilateral and 13 with unilateral disease; 17 ears) diagnosed with SSCD and 27 healthy volunteers (47 ears) were included. The mean RFs of the SSCD patients and healthy subjects were 548.7 Hz (range, 243 to 853 Hz) and 935.1 Hz (range, 239 to 1,875 Hz), respectively (P<0.001). The mean MARs of the SSCD patients and healthy subjects were 89.4% (range, 62% to 100%) and 82.4% (range, 63% to 99%), respectively (P=0.005). The mean MAFs of the SSCD patients and healthy subjects were 1,706.3 Hz (range, 613 to 3,816 Hz) and 2,668 Hz (range, 876 to 4,387 Hz), respectively (P<0.001). In terms of SSCD diagnosis, a MAR above 86% afforded 81% sensitivity and 77% specificity; an RF below 728 Hz, 86% sensitivity and 81% specificity; and an MAF below 1,835 Hz, 79% sensitivity and 67% specificity. CONCLUSION: WBT may be a useful clinical screening test for SSCD. The RF and MAF were lower, and the MAR higher, in SSCD patients than in normal controls.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of posterior ocular hemodynamics on the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), choroid thickness (CT) and central macular thickness (CMT) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and to reveal the association with glaucomatous optic neuropathy. METHODS: The research was planned as a prospective, randomized study. The ophthalmic, retinal and posterior ciliary artery pulsatile index (PI) and resistive index (RI) were measured by colored Doppler sonography. RNFL thickness, CMT and CT were then measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: Sixty subjects were divided into four groups-mild, moderate and severe OSAS and a control group. There were 16 subjects in the control group, 14 in the mild OSAS group, 15 in the moderate OSAS group and 15 in the severe OSAS group. Ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery PI and RI values of the OSAS patients did not show statistically significant difference than those of the control group, but posterior ciliary artery (PCA) PI and RI values were significantly higher. In addition, mean, superior and inferior RNFL thickness values were significantly lower than those in the control group. Moreover, the glaucoma prevalence of the OSAS patients in this study was 6.8% and all of these patients were in the severe OSAS group. CONCLUSION: PI and RI values of the PCA, which supplies the optic nerve, show a linear increase as the apnea hypoxia index values in OSAS. As the grade of OSAS improves, this situation leads to a more serious ischemic optic neuropathy. Furthermore, the prevalence of glaucoma in this study is found to be higher in the severe OSAS group.

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BACKGROUND: Gadolinium-based contrast agents are complex chelates to provide contrast in NRI. However, recent studies have highlighted the deposition of free Gd+3 ion in various tissues. PURPOSE: To evaluate the histopathological and immunohistochemical changes on rat kidney tissue following both macrocyclic (gadoteric acid) and linear (gadodiamide) agents under the hypothesis that gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) lead to toxic, free Gd+3 accumulation in tissues. STUDY TYPE: The local Animal Care Committee approved the prospective animal study. ANIMAL MODEL: Thirty-two healthy Sprague-Dawley male rats were administered 2 mmol/kg gadodiamide and gadoteric acid for the first 4 days for 5 weeks. Group 1 received no drug (control, n = 8) and Group 2 (n = 8) was administered 0.1 ml/kg saline. Group 3 was administered 0.1 mmol/kg gadodiamide and Group 4 (n = 8) was administered 2 mmol/kg gadoteric acid. ASSESSMENT: Biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical changes in testis kidney tissue were evaluated at the end of 10 weeks. STATISTICAL TESTS: Differences between groups were analyzed using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test followed by one-way analysis of variance and the Tamhane test, also followed by Turkey's HSD test. RESULTS: Gadolinium increased serum urea, Ca+2 , and Caspase-3 positive tubular cell number. Larger Bowman capsules shrank proximal and distal tubules were revealed in the gadodiamide and gadoteric acid groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Histopathologic examination showed significantly more interstitial fibrosis, amyloid deposits, and vasocongestion in the gadodiamide group than the gadoteric acid and control groups, while the gadoteric acid group demonstrated significantly more leukocytic infiltration with atrophied proximal and distal tubules than the gadodiamide and control groups (P < 0.05). DATA CONCLUSION: GBCA administration causes significant histopathologic changes in kidney tissue. This study advocates additional investigation to assess the in vivo safety of GBCAs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:382-389.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnosing superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The radiological records of patients who were admitted to our clinic with complaints of otologic and neuro-otologic symptoms between October 2014 and December 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Among these patients, those who underwent both computed tomography and MRI and were reported to have SSCD in the temporal bone on at least one side were included in the study group. MRI records of patients with a confirmed diagnosis were then assessed for the presence of SSCD. RESULTS: The left and right semicircular canals of 52 patients were evaluated in this study. The sensitivity and specificity of MRI in the diagnosis of SSCD was 89.06% and 90%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 93.44% and 83.72%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The use of multiplanar reformats and angulation techniques during MRI assessment of patients with neuro-otologic symptoms can improve the diagnostic process for patients with SSCD. This may allow early diagnosis of the disease by using just one imaging method, which would also reduce the costs per patient during the diagnosis period.

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BACKGROUND: Vascular loops of the anterior-inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) at the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) are considered related to auditory-vestibular symptoms. Clinical association of these anatomical aberrations, which can be grouped together as vascular compression syndromes, is controversial. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used to visualize this anatomical region, given its high sensitivity and specificity. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the clinical relationship of vertigo symptoms with vascular loop compression syndrome by evaluating the neurovascular contacts of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VCN) and AICA at the CPA and internal auditory canal via high-resolution MRI. METHODS: The study included 417 patients (178 with vertigo and 239 without vertigo) undergoing MRI for various clinical causes. MRI scans were assessed to study the presence of vascular abnormalities at the CPA. RESULTS: According to our findings, type 1 vascular variation was observed most frequently in both sides. MRI findings were similar for the patients with and without vertigo. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying the prevalence of the vascular loops of the AICA primarily depends on diagnostic technique, and our results identified a slightly higher prevalence than those of previous studies, which might be partly related to the high-sensitivity of 3-dimensional T2-weighted MRI.

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Testicular torsion is one of the main causes of acute scrotum and may result in permanent damage of the testicular tissue. Color Doppler imaging has been frequently used in the diagnosis of testicular torsion and posttreatment follow-up period of the disease. There are some studies reporting the value and usefulness of diffusion-weighted imaging in the diagnosis of testicular torsion. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no report regarding the monitoring of preoperative external detorsion in testicular torsion with diffusion-weighted imaging examination. In this article, diffusion-weighted imaging findings in the management of preoperative external detorsion in a case with testicular torsion were presented.

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BACKGROUND: The treatment of unstable thoracolumbar fractures remains controversial. Long-segment pedicle screw constructs may be stiffer and impart greater forces on adjacent segments compared with short-segment constructs. Short-segment pedicle screw fixation alone may be associated with instrumentation failure. Reinforcement fractured vertebra by the placement of an additional 2 screws at fracture level may be useful in thoracolumbar fractures for restoration of anterior vertebral height. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 35 patients (21 males, 14 females) with unstable thoracolumbar fractures. The patients were divided into 2 groups. In group I, patients were operated with posterior approach via the use of pedicle screws fixed long (2 levels above and 1 or 2 levels below of the fractured vertebra). In group II patients, short-segment stabilization with additional screwing at fracture level was made. Immediate postoperative radiologic evaluations were done by measuring the correction and maintenance of kyphotic angle at the fracture level, Cobb angle, and height of fractured vertebra. RESULTS: Average local kyphosis angle, anterior kyphotic angle at the fracture level, and Cobb angle were not statistically significantly different in the postoperative period (P > 0.05); however, postoperative anterior height of fractured vertebra was statistically significantly different between the 2 groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We compared a standard long-segment construct with a short-segment construct using instrumentation of the fractured segment. Short-segment pedicle screw fixation with screwing of fractured vertebra in unstable thoracolumbar fracture levels is an effective method to restoring anterior vertebral height for the treatment of unstable thoracolumbar fractures. It also provides anterior column support.

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PURPOSE: We aimed to assess the effectiveness, benefits, and reliability of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV) in patients with vertebral involvement of multiple myeloma. METHODS: PV procedures performed on 166 vertebrae of 41 patients with multiple myeloma were retrospectively evaluated. Most of our patients were using level 3 (moderate to severe pain) analgesics. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed before the procedure to assess vertebral involvement of multiple myeloma. The following variables were evaluated: affected vertebral levels, loss of vertebral body height, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement amount applied to the vertebral body during PV, PMMA cement leakages, and pain before and after PV as assessed by a visual analogue scale (VAS). RESULTS: Median VAS scores of patients decreased from 9 one day before PV, to 6 one day after the procedure, to 3 one week after the procedure, and eventually to 1 three months after the procedure (P < 0.001). During the PV procedure, cement leakage was observed at 68 vertebral levels (41%). The median value of PMMA applied to the vertebral body was 6 mL. CONCLUSION: Being a minimally invasive and easily performed procedure with low complication rates, PV should be preferred for serious back pain of multiple myeloma patients.

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OBJECTIVE: Measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) by using sonography is a straightforward, noninvasive technique to detect an increased intracranial pressure, which can even be conducted at the bedside. However, the correlation between ONSD and intracranial midline shift has not been studied. METHODS: The authors performed a prospective, blinded observational study in an intensive care unit. Forty-five patients were divided into groups. Of those, 19 patients had a midline shift, whereas 26 had no intracranial pathology or shift and served as control individuals. RESULTS: Spearman rank correlation coefficient of difference of ONSD and midline shift was 0.761 (P < 0.0005), demonstrating a significant positive correlation between patients with midline shift and control group. CONCLUSIONS: Despite small numbers and selection bias, this study suggests that bedside ultrasound may be useful in the diagnosis of midline intracranial shift by measurement of ONSD.

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