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BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) increases patient load and requirements of care. Determining the burden on PD patients' caregivers and associated factors may help to identify methods to reduce caregiver burden. This study investigated the factors associated with caregiver burden among PD patients caregivers. METHODS: Eighty-five PD patients and 85 caregivers were included in the study. Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) was used to measure caregiver burden; the Ways of Coping Scale (WCS) was used for coping; Modified Hoehn-Yahr Staging (MHYS) was used for staging patients. The International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) parts 1 and 3 were used to evaluate non-motor and motor problems. Caregivers' depression and anxiety levels were evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Spearmen correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the relationship of variables with the ZBI score, and multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of the ZBI score. RESULTS: A positive significant relationship was found between the ZBI score and BAI score, MHYS score, WCS total score, and subscales: keeping to self, seeking refuge in fate, and seeking refuge in supernatural forces. MHYS score, WCS total score, BAI score, and MDS-UPDRS-1 were predictors of the ZBI score. CONCLUSIONS: The anxiety levels of caregivers, their ways of coping, and the patient's stage of the disease are important in caregiver burden. Coping ways can be changed to reduce the care burden. Developing psychological interventions for caregivers to change their coping styles can be important.

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Background: The relationship between depression and severity of social media addiction is likely to be bidirectional. Nevertheless, current studies have addressed the depression score utilizing a scale in the general population instead of assessing this relationship in patients with major depressive disorder. Despite the fact that the negative relationship of social media addiction with emotional intelligence is acknowledged, the existence of this relationship in major depressive disorder has not been investigated yet. Hence, the objective of our study is to evaluate severity of social media addiction and emotional intelligence in major depressive disorder. Methods: This research was performed with 158 participants between the ages of 18 and 56 in Kars Harakani State Hospital Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic. Sociodemographic data form involving the age, gender, marital status, education level and employment status of the participants, Beck Depression Inventory, Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory, and Social Media Addiction Scale were implemented to the participants. Results: Creating the group to be none-less addicted and medium-highly addicted with regard to the social media addiction scale score, it was observed that the emotional intelligence of the medium-highly addicted group was significantly lower, and the depression score was higher (P < .001). Furthermore, the severity of social media addiction had a positive relationship with the depression score and a negative relationship with the emotional intelligence score (r = 0.353, P < .001; r = -0.376, P < .001). Conclusion: Emotional intelligence in major depressive disorder is associated with both depression level and severity of social media addiction. Interventions, i.e., emotional intelligence skill training, might be practical for the aforementioned patients.

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Background: Although an association has been newly reported between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and an increased risk of suicide, there are only a limited number of studies investigating suicide-related factors in OCD patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between dysfunctional metacognitive activity, difficulty in emotion regulation, anxiety, depression, somatization symptom severity, and suicide probability in OCD patients by comparing them with a control group. Methods: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Metacognition Scale, Suicide Probability Scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depression Symptom Scale were administered to 70 OCD patients and 70 healthy controls. The Dimensional Obsession Compulsion Scale was administered to assess OCD symptom dimensions among OCD patients. Results: Dysfunctional metacognition, difficulty in emotion regulation, probability of suicide, depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms were significantly higher in OCD patients compared to the control group (P < .05). Suicide probability was found to be positively correlated with depression, difficulty in emotion regulation, impulsivity dimension, metacognition, cognitive confidence dimension, contamination, cleaning, and symmetry scores among OCD symptom dimensions (P < .05). Conclusion: Recognizing the factors that were found to be associated with suicide probability in individuals with OCD may be of great importance in identifying patients at higher suicide risk.

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OBJECTIVE: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), mean platelet volume (MPV), and systemic immune inflammation index (SII) are recently used as indicators of inflammation. NLR, PLR, MLR, and MPV have been evaluated in many studies in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, there are no studies investigating SII. This study aims to evaluate NLR, PLR, MLR, MPV and SII values and complete blood count elements in patients hospitalized with diagnoses of the schizophrenia with psychotic episode and bipolar disorder with manic episode by comparing them with the control group. METHOD: A total of 149 patients who were hospitalized with the diagnoses of the schizophrenia with psychotic episode and bipolar disorder with manic episode and who met the inclusion criteria were included in our study where the control group was composed of 66 healthy individuals. White blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet, and monocyte counts were obtained retrospectively from complete blood counts at the time of admission, based on which NLR, PLR, MLR, and SII were calculated. RESULTS: In this study, higher NLR, PLR, and SII values and lower MPV and lymphocyte counts were observed in schizophrenia patients compared to the control group. NLR, PLR, and SII values and neutrophil counts were higher in patients with bipolar disorder compared to the control group. Lower MPV values were found in patients with schizophrenia compared to patients with bipolar disorder. CONCLUSION: Simple inflammatory and SII values in our study indicate the presence of low-grade systemic inflammation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

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INTRODUCTION: Vortioxetine is an antidepressant that has a multimadal action mechanism and has recently come into use. The present study was planned to determine whether vortioxetine affects pain threshold in mice. METHOD: The experimental animals were divided into four groups with 10 mice in each group. The distilled water was given to the control group, 5 mg/kg of vortioxetine was intraperitoneally administered to the first group, 10 mg/kg of vortioxetine was intraperitoneally administered to the second group and 20 mg/kg of vortioxetine was intraperitoneally administered to the third group. Mice were placed on a hot-plate at 30 and 90 minutes. Hind paw licking and jumping times of the mice on the hot plate surface (55°C) were recorded.. RESULTS: With increasing dose (0 mg p>0.05, 5 mg p<0.001, 10 mg p<0.001, 20 mg p<0.001) and increasing time (30th minute p<0.01, 90th minute p<0.01), it was observed that the reaction time per minute, which was a reflection of pain treshold was decreased. CONCLUSION: The results of this study shows that vortioxetine may have a decreasing effect on pain threshold in mice. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanism by which vortioxetine exerts its hyperalgesic effect.

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PURPOSE: To identify the factors associated with the pain level in patients receiving intravitreal injection. METHODS: A total of 120 patients were prospectively evaluated, and 104 were included in the study. Patients were asked to rate their pain intensity from 0 to 10 on the visual analog scale. Factors that were possibly associated with pain level were evaluated using a sociodemographic data form, state anxiety inventory, and the hospital anxiety and depression scale. RESULTS: Of the participants, 54 (51.9%) were female, and 50 (48.1%) were male, with a mean age of 65 ± 9.01 years. There was a positive correlation between pain level and state anxiety scores (r = 0.30; P < 0.001) and a negative correlation between hospital anxiety score (r = -0.23; P = 0.02) and hospital depression score (r = -0.27; P = 0.01). The correlation between pain score and education level was significantly higher in primary and secondary school graduates (P < 0.01). Smokers were observed to have higher pain scores (6.50 ± 2.21 in smokers and 4.87 ± 2.50 in nonsmokers; P = 0.01). Among diagnostic groups, pain scores were found to be significantly lower in the diabetic retinopathy (DR) group (6.82 ± 1.99 in age-related macular degeneration, 5.94 ± 2.27 in retinal vein occlusion, and 3.58 ± 1.97 in DR; P < 0.001). When pain scores were evaluated according to the drug injected, the group receiving bevacizumab injection was observed to have higher pain scores (7.32 ± 1.81 in bevacizumab, 4.00 ± 2.08 in aflibercept, and 3.92 ± 1.96 in ranibizumab; P < 0.001). Based on the multiple regression analysis, the state anxiety score, hospital anxiety score, hospital depression score, and smoking status were observed not to be significant predictors. The level of education, diagnosis, and active substance were found to have a statistically significant effect on pain perception. CONCLUSION: In this study, pain levels have been found to be high in smokers, those with a low educational level, individuals receiving bevacizumab for intravitreal injection, and those having a higher level of state anxiety, whereas patients with DR have lower pain scores.

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A diagnosis of paradoxical insomnia is made in patients presenting with the complaint of insomnia despite normal polysomnographic findings. These patients argue that they never sleep or have little sleep only for a few hours. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options are available for the treatment of paradoxical insomnia. Although its prevalence can be as high as 50% in the clinical samples and studies, clinicians may not remember to include paradoxical insomnia in the differential diagnosis. In this article, we present a patient, who was diagnosed with paradoxical insomnia for the first time in our polysomnography laboratory. The patient had accompanying sleep apnea and responded to the treatment with olanzapine and psychoeducation, comprising polysomnographic video recordings and instructions of sleep hygiene. Because this is the first case presentation from our country, characterized by the abovementioned clinical features; we think that this article may increase clinician awareness and contribute to the information in the literature.