RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of sleep wake pattern with cognitive performance and academic achievement in young adults. Method: It was a cross sectional study conducted in March 2019 after approval from the Institutional Review Board & Ethics Committee of the study setting on February 28, 2019. Total sample of the study was 189 calculated by using Rao software. Inclusion criteria was healthy young adults of age 18 to 24 years from Doctor of Physical Therapy department of Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Dar-ul-Shifa campus, Islamabad. Exclusion criteria included all those students who were married, diagnosed with psychological disorder and were taking any sedatives. Data was collected through three questionnaires named Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) in addition to inquiry regarding GPA of latest exam. RESULTS: A total sample was 236 students with a mean age of 20.94±1.58 years with range 18-24 years. The sample comprised of males n=24 (10.2%) and females n=212(89.8%). Mean GPA was 3.10±0.53. MOCA showed that 70(29.66%) students had mild cognitive impairment, 166(70.34%) were students with normal cognition. The results obtained by applying independent T-test showed a significant difference of cognition between high and low achievers (p-value: 0.029<0.05. Students who scored high were definite morning types. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant association between cognitive performance and academic achievement with high achievers being definite morning types.
Asunto(s)
Éxito Académico , Adolescente , Adulto , Ritmo Circadiano , Cognición , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Hipnóticos y Sedantes , Masculino , Sueño , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Pakistan is among those countries where the number of caesarean section births has increased unusually in the past two decades. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to analyse the trend of caesarean section deliveries among child-bearing women (aged 15-49 years) in Pakistan and to identify maternal socio-demographic factors and pregnancy-related variables associated with the change in caesarean deliveries from 1990 to 2018. METHODS: Secondary data from Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys (1990-2018) were analysed. The analysis of data was confined to child-bearing mothers. Sample sizes were 4029, 5721, 7461 and 8287 for the time periods of 1990-91, 2006-07, 2012-13 and 2017-18, respectively. Socio-demographic information of the mothers and pregnancy-related variables were taken as independent variables for the present study. The association between independent variables and caesarean deliveries was measured in terms of unadjusted odds ratios (OR) and adjusted OR (AOR). RESULTS: The percentages of the mothers who had at least one delivery during the 5 years prior to each survey who had caesarean deliveries increased continuously from 3.2% in 1990-91 to 19.6% in 2017-18. Results indicate that mothers over 24 years of age, located in Punjab, from the richest socio-economic class and living in urban areas were more likely to have delivered by caesarean section. Mothers with a first child in birth order and who had five and more children, as well as mothers who had more antenatal care visits and delivered babies in private hospitals showed a higher probability of caesarean section births. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study confirm the gradual upsurge in the percentage of mothers delivering by caesarean section during the past two decades in Pakistan. Against this backdrop, some measures need to be taken by health departments to regulate the number of caesarean deliveries. Awareness among women about pregnancy complications and elaborated details by gynaecologists about the medically indicated reasons for caesarean delivery are a few important steps in Pakistan that can help in reducing caesarean deliveries which are not medically indicated.