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The solvation dynamics after optical excitation of two phosphono-substituted coumarin derivatives dissolved in various solutions are studied by fluorescence up-conversion spectroscopy and quantum chemical simulations. The Kamlet-Taft analysis of the conventional absorption and emission spectra suggests weakening of the solvent-solute H-bonds upon optical excitation, which is in contrast to the results gained by the quantum simulations and earlier studies reported for coumarin derivatives without phosphono groups. The simulations give evidence that the solvent reorganisation around the excited fluorophore leads to partial electron transfer to the first solvation shell. The process occurs on a timescale between 1 and 10 ps depending on the solvent polarity and leads to a fast decay of the time-resolved emission signal. Using the ultrafast spectral shift of the time-dependent fluorescence we estimated the relaxation time of the H-bonds in the electronically excited state to be about 0.6 ps in water, 1.5 ps in ethanol and 2.8 ps in formamide.

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One of the objectives of the Professional Practice Committee (PPC) of the Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) Section of the Union of European Medical Specialists (UEMS) is the development of the field of competence of PRM physicians in Europe. To achieve this objective, UEMS PRM Section PPC has adopted a systematic action plan of preparing a series of papers describing the role of PRM physicians in a number of disabling health conditions, based on the evidence of effectiveness of the PRM interventions. The aim of this paper is to describe the role of PRM physicians in the management of spinal pain focusing particularly on low back pain and neck pain. These disorders are associated with significant disability that results in activity limitations and participation restrictions. A wide variety of PRM interventions including patient education, behavioural therapies, exercise, a number of physical modalities, manual techniques, and multidisciplinary rehabilitation may help patients with low back pain and cervical pain in improving their functioning. PRM physicians may address many of the problems encountered by these patients in many life areas taking the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health as a reference guide and may have an important role in improving the quality of their lives.

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One of the objectives of the Professional Practice Committee (PPC) of the Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) Section of the Union of European Medical Specialists (UEMS) is the development of the field of competence of PRM physicians in Europe. To achieve this objective, UEMS PRM Section PPC has adopted a systematic action plan of preparing a series of papers describing the role of PRM physicians in a number of disabling health conditions, based on the evidence of effectiveness of PRM interventions. Soft tissue musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and injuries are associated with significant pain and loss of function that may lead to significant disability. The aim of this paper is to define the role of PRM physician in the management of local soft tissue MSDs and injuries with their specific focus on assessing and improving function as well as participation in the community. The training of PRM specialists make them well equipped to successfully treat MSDs including soft tissue MSDs and injuries. PRM specialists may well meet the needs of patients with soft tissue MSDs and injuries using PRM approaches including 1) assessment based on the comprehensive model of functioning, the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), that enable them to identify the areas of impaired functioning in order to apply necessary measures; 2) accurate diagnosis using instrumental diagnostic procedures in addition to clinical examination; 3) outcome measurements available to them; 4) evidence-based pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments; and finally 5) maintenance of social involvement including "return to work" based on restoration of function, all of which will eventually result in improved quality of life for patients with soft tissue MSDs and injuries.

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One of the objectives of the Professional Practice Committee (PPC) of the Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) Section of the Union of European Medical Specialists (UEMS) is the development of the field of competence of PRM physicians in Europe. To achieve this objective, UEMS PRM Section PPC has adopted a systematic action plan of preparing a series of papers describing the role of PRM physicians in a number of disabling health conditions, based on the evidence of effectiveness of the physical and rehabilitation medicine interventions. According to the PCC of the UEMS-PRM Section, the role of PRM physician in the management of shoulder pain (SP) has to be situated inside the general pain management field. SP is a common condition that can place limitations on the activity and restriction in social life participation of sufferers. A variety of shoulder problems, commonly including subacromial impingement, calcifying tendinitis, frozen shoulder, acromio-clavicular disturbances, gleno-humeral instability and gleno-humeral arthritis, can cause pain, and patients should be assessed and treated in order to relieve symptoms and reduce disability. This position paper describes the role of the PRM specialist in the management of such patients. Many assessment methods and treatment interventions are usually used in the management of patients with SP. Depending on the process, disability and patient characteristics, some intervention modalities have reported evidence in pain relief, movement and daily life activity (DLA) restoration, thus permiting a patient early recovery and social participation. Oral medications, local injections, physical therapy modalities and exercises are normally used for the management of SP. The PRM specialist should, always use this best medical evidence to decide how to efficiently and effectively reduce SP-related disability. An adequate therapeutic algorithm is also proposed in order to channelize the above mentioned evidence and reach the best results.

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One of the objectives of the Professional Practice Committee (PPC) of the Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) Section of the Union of European Medical Specialists (UEMS) is the development of the field of competence of PRM physicians in Europe. To achieve this objective, UEMS PRM Section PPC has adopted a systematic action plan of preparing a series of papers describing the role of PRM physicians in a number of disabling health conditions, based on the evidence of effectiveness of the physical and rehabilitation medicine interventions. According to the UEMS-PRM section, the role of PRM physician in musculoskeletal perioperative settings has to be situated inside general pain management. Musculoskeletal surgery (MSS) represents a frequent medical situation among patients suffering from musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), in which PRM physicians need to be involved. A wide number of MSDs have to be operated in order to diminish disability and relieve symptoms, thus improving the patient´s functioning and social participation: Joint replacements, spine decompressions, vertebroplasties, internal fixation of unstable fractures, arthroscopies for tendon and joint repairs, and others. This paper describes the role of the PRM physician during the perioperative period. A well-coordinated rehabilitation programme followed by a good home rehabilitation programme results in pain reduction, faster recovery with better patient participation and increased cost effectiveness. PRM physicians have to identify patients at risk of continuing activity limitation and participation restriction who will benefit from an early rehabilitation process and formulate a PRM programme of care taking into account each patient's environmental factors.

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One of the objectives of the Professional Practice Committee (PPC) of the Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) Section of the Union of European Medical Specialists (UEMS) is the development of the field of competence of PRM physicians in Europe. To achieve this objective, UEMS PRM Section PPC has adopted a systematic action plan of preparing a series of papers describing the role of PRM physicians in a number of disabling health conditions, based on the evidence of effectiveness of PRM interventions. Generalised and regional soft tissue pain syndromes constitute a major problem leading to loss of function and disability, resulting in enormous societal burden. The aim of this paper is to describe the unique role of PRM physicians in the management of these disabling conditions that require not only pharmacological interventions but also a holistic approach including the consideration of body functions, activities and participation as well as contextual factors as described in the ICF. Evidence-based effective PRM interventions include exercise and multicomponent treatment including a psychotherapeutic intervention such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in addition to exercise, the latter based on strong evidence for reducing pain and improving quality of life in fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Balneotherapy, meditative movement therapies, and acupuncture have also been shown as efficacious in improving symptoms in FMS. Emerging evidence suggests the use of transcranial magnetic or direct current stimulation (rTMS or tDCS) in FMS patients with intractable pain not alleviated by other interventions. Graded exercise therapy and CBT are evidence-based options for chronic fatigue syndrome. The use of some physical modalities and manipulation for myofascial pain syndrome is also supported by evidence. As for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), strong evidence exists for rTMS and graded motor imagery as well as moderate evidence for mirror therapy. Interventional techniques such as blocks and spinal cord stimulation may also be considered for CRPS based on varying levels of evidence. PRM physicians' functioning oriented approaches on the assessment and management, adopting the ICF as a reference, may well meet the needs of patients with soft tissue pain syndromes, the common problems for whom are loss of function and impaired quality of life. Available evidence for the effectiveness of PRM interventions serves as the basis for the explicit role of PRM specialists in the management of these health conditions.

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One of the objectives of the Professional Practice Committee (PPC) of the Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) Section of the Union of European Medical Specialists (UEMS) is the development of the field of competence of PRM physicians in Europe. To achieve this objective, UEMS PRM Section PPC has adopted a systematic action plan of preparing a series of papers describing the role of PRM physicians in a number of disabling health conditions, based on the evidence of effectiveness of the physical and rehabilitation medicine interventions. Inflammatory arthritis is a major cause of disability with an important economic burden in society. The goals in the management of inflammatory arthritis are to control pain and disease activity, prevent joint damage, protect and enhance function and improve quality of life. This paper aims to define the role of PRM physicians in people with inflammatory arthritis. PRM interventions imply non-pharmacological treatments which include patient education for joint protection, energy conservation and self-management techniques, exercise therapy, physical modalities, orthoses/assistive devices and balneotherapy. Therapeutic patient education and exercises are the cornerstones of therapy with strong evidence of their effectiveness to improve function. Physical modalities are primarily used to decrease pain and stiffness whereas orthoses/assistive devices are usually prescribed to enhance activities and participation. PRM physicians have distinct roles in the management of people with inflammatory arthritis such that they effectively organise and supervise the PRM program in the context of interdisciplinary team work. Their role starts with a comprehensive assessment of patient's functioning based on the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) as the framework. In the light of this assessment, appropriate PRM interventions individualised for the patient are administered. Future research and actions regarding the role of PRM in inflammatory arthritis should target access to care, updates on the use and effectiveness of physical modalities, orthoses/assistive devices, and standardization of therapeutic patient education programs.

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One of the objectives of the Professional Practice Committee (PPC) of the Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) Section of the Union of European Medical Specialists (UEMS) is the development of the field of competence of PRM physicians in Europe. To achieve this objective, UEMS PRM Section PPC has adopted a systematic action plan of preparing a series of papers describing the role of PRM physicians in a number of disabling health conditions, based on the evidence of effectiveness of PRM interventions. A wide range of health conditions treated by PRM specialists carries the risk of osteoporosis (OP). The consequences of OP may be associated with significant disability. The aim of this paper is: to define the role of PRM physicians in the prevention and management of OP, to describe the needs of people with OP in relation to rehabilitation strategy, and to highlight why and how PRM physicians should be involved in the diagnosis and management of OP. PRM physicians may intervene in the prevention of and risk factor assessment for OP, falls and fractures along with other assessments of functioning and of quality of life. In addition, they are involved in diagnosis and in both pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment of OP. From a specific PRM perspective based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), there is an important role in optimizing functioning and promoting "activities and participation", including interventions associated with environmental factors for people with OP or osteoporotic fractures. Evidence suggests that a large number of interventions within the scope of PRM that range from preventive strategies (including education and self management and most importantly exercise) to pain management strategies and spinal orthoses or hip protectors may be effective in the prevention and/or management of OP and its sequelae. Competencies and aptitudes of PRM specialists, focusing especially on functioning while providing care over the whole course of a health condition from the hospital to the community, may well place them in the management of OP. Evidence-based effective PRM interventions further warrant the role of PRM physicians in the management of OP.

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One of the objectives of the Professional Practice Committee (PPC) of the Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) Section of the Union of European Medical Specialists (UEMS) is the development of the field of competence of PRM physicians in Europe. To achieve this objective, UEMS PRM Section PPC has adopted a systematic action plan of preparing a series of papers describing the role of PRM physicians in a number of disabling health conditions, based on the evidence of effectiveness of the PRM interventions. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder and the major cause of musculoskeletal pain and limited mobility in the elderly in the world. Therefore, proper management of persons with OA is of substantial importance. The goal of OA management is to reduce the impact of OA on the individual by reducing pain and improving function, activities and participation. The aim of this paper is to descibe the explicit role of PRM physicians in providing management for persons with OA. The optimal management of OA requires the combination of both non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches, an issue most of the main guidelines on the evidence-based management of OA share in common. There is good level of evidence about the effectiveness of PRM interventions in the management of OA: high level of evidence about the effect of education, weight reduction and exercise and growing evidence about the effectiveness of physical agent modalities. PRM specialists are involved not only in diagnosis and medical and physical treatments of OA, but, as a rehabilitation strategy, they also deal with the problems of the person focusing on the improvement of all components of human functioning as defined in the ICF including personal and environmental factors with a holistic approach. ICF core sets for OA serve as excellent models for directing proper assessments as well as targeting interventions. PRM specialists well meet the needs of people with OA from the early stages of the disease to the stage of disability that could cause activity limitations and participation restrictions. In conclusion, PRM specialists can make substantial contributions to providing management of OA in order to improve the functioning of individuals with OA from both personal and societal perspective.

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BACKGROUND: The European Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Journal Network (EPRMJN), a joint initiative between the European Society Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (ESPRM) and the European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (EJPRM), has the aim to increase scientific knowledge among PRM specialists and foster collaboration among physical and rehabilitation medicine (PRM) journals. This article reports the results of a survey of national PRM journals in Europe we conducted to obtain an overview of the current state of PRM research in the European setting. RESULTS: Every year 682 PRM papers are published in a total of 66 issues per 3 294 page in the 16 national journals that responded to our survey, out of the 21 published in 15 countries; 12 countries have no PRM journals and two did not respond. Some 94% of the journals responding to the survey have a research aim and 88% an educational aim; all journals use a peer-review process (75% blinded); on average, 58.8 submissions are received per year, of which 6.7% are invited papers; the rejection rate is 21.4%. The majority of papers report original research, and main topics are musculoskeletal and neurological rehabilitation. CONCLUSION: Since the national journals published in Europe have a good peer review process and publish mainly original articles, it is possible that good research can be found. A major problem is the English language barrier to wider readerships, as many researchers publish only in their native language. The EPRMJN aims to discover this research and make it accessible to international audiences through systematic collection of articles appearing in the national journals of the EPRMJN and publication of content summaries on the ESPRM website.

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AIM: In the last 40 years, physical and rehabilitation medicine (PRM) has made significant steps forward in Europe with the foundation of the European Federation of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (EFPMR) (1963) which gave rise to the European Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (ESPRM) (2004) the European Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine (1970), the PRM Section of the European Union of Medical Specialists (1974), and the European Board of PRM (1991). Our journal, formerly Europa Medico-physica (1964), the official journal of the EFPMR, now European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (EJPRM) and official journal of the ESPRM since 2008, is distinct for its steadfast European vocation, long-standing Mediter-ranean interests and connections with various national scientific societies. Jointly with the ESPRM, efforts are under way to set up the European Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Journal Network (EPRMJN). The aim of this article is to present a profile of the national journals in the EPRMJN so as to give a better overview of how the scientific part of PRM in Europe has developed within a national perspective. METHODS: A profile of the following national journals is presented: Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (France), Fizikalna i rehabilitacijska medicina (Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine) (Croatia), Neurorehabilitation (Bulgaria), Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Portuguese Society Journal (Portugal), Physical Medicine, Rehabilitaton, Health (Bulgaria), Physikalische Medizin - Rehabilitationsmedizin - Kurort-medizin/Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (Germany and Austria) Prevention and Rehabilitation (Bulgaria), Rehabilitacija (Rehabilitation) (Slovenia), Rehabilitación (Madr) (Spain), Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Turkey). CONCLUSION: Some national journals in Europe have a very long history and tradition of research and education. Having a better knowledge of these realities, usually hidden to the international readership owing to the English language barrier, could promote science in our specialty.

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Limonium (statice or sea-lavendar, family Plumbaginaceae) is grown in the Netherlands as a perennial (Limonium sinense) or annual (Limonium sinuatum) crop. Plants have tufted leaves and numerous clustered flowers of different colors and are used for flower arrangements. In August 2000, we received diseased plants of L. sinense cv. Diamond and L. sinuatum. Disease symptoms consisted of leaf wilting followed by plant collapse. The base of the leaves showed progressive necrotic areas that later turned dark brown to black. The cortex of the stem and roots was water-soaked and dark brown to black. Longitudinal sections of stems and roots of diseased plants displayed discoloration of tissues. Rotted root tissue was brown with a characteristic black margin. Rotted vascular tissues and other stem parts were also dark brown. Pith parenchyma turned gray-brown and had a firm, wet rot. In plants with advanced disease symptoms, a cavity in the stem parenchyma was observed. Isolations were made from sections of symptomatic leaves, stems and roots of both Limonium species on cherry and water agar (WA), followed by incubation at 20°C. Phytophthora sp. was isolated consistently from the base of leaves, stems, and roots of diseased plants and identification of isolates was based on morphological characteristics and by isozyme analysis (3). Observations of colony morphology and growth at 35°C were made on V8 agar. Mating type was determined in dual cultures with mating type A2 (P. nicotianae, P 1923 [4]) and A1 (P. nicotianae, PD98/8/10402). Sporangial features were observed from liquid cultures of the isolates (autoclaved soil-extract or sterile distilled water). All isolates formed colonies consisting of loose, fluffy aerial mycelia. Sporangia and chlamydospores were present in all fungal isolates and all isolates were able to grow at 35°C. Few sporangia were produced on solid media (WA and V8 juice agar), but were abundant in liquid cultures. Sporangia were borne singly or in simple sympodial sporangiophores (3 to 4 sporangia), and were ovoid/spherical, obturbinate with rounded base and had prominent papillae (some had two papillae). Sporangia measured 40 to 64 × 24 to 56 µm, (average 50.4 × 38.4 µm) and had an average length:breath ratio of 1.3:1. Chlamydospores were terminal and intercalary and measured 18 to 44 µm (average 31.6 µm). Hyphal swellings with hyphal outgrowths were present. Isolates of the fungus were heterothallic and produced oogonia and oospores rapidly and abundantly on V8 agar at 22°C only with the A1 mating type of P. nicotianae. We concluded that all isolates from Limonium had the A2 compatibility type. Antheridia were amphigynous. Oogonia were spherical and ranged from 20 to 30 µm, (average 27.5 µm). Oospores ranged from 18 to 27 µm, (average 23.1 µm). The observed characteristics are similar to those described for P. nicotianae. Isozyme analysis, using the dimeric enzymes malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) and malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), revealed the presence of the Mdhp100 allele and the Mdh-2100 allele. Both alleles are characteristic for P. nicotianae (3). Based on morphological features and isozyme genotyping, isolates of Phytophthora from diseased Limonium plants could be assigned to P. nicotianae van Breda de haan (1). A report from Florida associated Phytophthora sp. with root rot of Limonium plants (2) but did not identify the species. According to the multi-decade records at the Netherlands Plant Protection Service (unpublished data) Phytophthora has never been observed on Limonium before. This is the first report of P. nicotianae associated with root rot and basal rot of Limonium plants in Europe. References: (1) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. 1996. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (2) D. F. Farr et al. 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (3) W. A. Man in 't Veld et al. Phytopathology 88:922-929, 1998. (4) P. Oudemans and M. D. Coffey. Mycol. Res. 95:1025-1046, 1991.

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UNLABELLED: The self-report measure of fear of children dental patients is an important point in screening and determining strategies of behaviour's management. AIM: The aim of this investigation was to assess dental fear in students from the town of Plovdiv, aged 12, 13 and 14, by using Dental Fear Survey Schedule for Children (DFSS-DS) and to determine the causes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 312 students (161 girls and 151 boys) aged 12, 13 and 14, residents of Plovdiv. They completed the Children Fear Survey Schedule - Dental Subscale. 15 personalities, objects and circumstances have been given estimation points varying from 1 to 5. RESULTS: The results showed that the average level of fear reported amounted to 32.04 +/- 9.8 in girls and to 22.56 +/- 7.6 in boys. Fear of choking is the most frequently reported fear, fear of dentist drilling machines comes next. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the students at the ages of 12, 13 and 14 report quite a fear respect to dental treatment. As a result their oral health gets worse and requires working out of strategies to overcome fear.

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AIM: The aim of the study was to measure the efficiency of printed health education matters with reference to caries prevention and the endurance of knowledge acquired. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 74 parents of children coming from three kindergartens in the town of Plovdiv. RESULTS: The results showed that the information was received well by the parents (86.2% correct answers). The repeated test after 6 months showed worse results than those from the first test, with an increase of the wrong answers (1st test - 14 wrong and 36 incomplete answers; 2nd test - 29 wrong and 44 incomplete answers). CONCLUSIONS: The information in this form is received well by the parents but requires periodic repetition for the purpose of assimilating the newly-acquired knowledge.

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In this study the authors evaluated the effect of a new method--multichannel alternate electrostimulation using the new Bulgarian equipment Vita 2007 for regulating muscular imbalance, breaking the pathological synergic patterns and overcoming motor impairment after stroke. The subjects of the study were 15 patients with hemiparesis secondary to stroke. The beneficial results in accelerating motor recovery and assisting the physical exercise programme for recreating proper patterns of walking and manipulative activity were assigned to the change in the level of spasticity and to the new method of consecutive alternate stimulation of the muscles that take part in the normal movement.

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Behaviour modelling is frequently used to modify children's behaviour. The psychological techniques of encouragement-reprobation are an integral part of the behaviour shaping. Three hundred clinically healthy children were recruited in this study. They were aged 54-96 months and allocated to three groups according to the specific technique used: group 1 in which we applied the "live patients model" technique, in group 2 the "encouragement-reprobation" techniques was applied and group 3 was a control group. The patient's behaviour was assessed using L. Venham's Cooperative Behavioral Scale. A behavioral improvement was noticed in the experimental groups after applying the techniques for behaviour modification. The comparison shows a statistically significant difference between the two experimental groups and the control one and absence of a significant difference between the influenced groups. The study shows that there is a stable for behaviour improvement.

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The incidence of dental caries /Is/ on deciduous molars in 1216 children aged 3 to 8 from Plovdiv has been studied. The results showed highest Is in the fissures of m1 and m2 and lowest Is on the smooth surfaces. The incidence of dental caries is getting higher with statistically significant differences in the lower jaw up to the 6th year and in the upper jaw up to 7th year of age. Is in the lower jaw is higher than that of the upper jaw only in the fissures.

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The behaviour of Bulgarian children dental patients at the age of 4-12 has been studied by application of Venham's 6--grade behaviour scale. A sample of 274 clinically healthy children, divided in 3 age groups, were the object of the study. It has been found that the number of children whose behaviour has been assessed as one within the norm, is much greater that the number of the rest of patients-amounting to 77.74% and their number increasing with age. The negative behaviour, regardless of its rate, is not influenced by age.

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ABSTRACT Three similar isolates of Phytophthora (Phytophthora sp-h) were obtained from diseased Spathiphyllum and Primula plants. Cultural characteristics did not fit any known description of Phytophthora species. The Phytophthora sp-h isolates are papillate, are homothallic, possess 80 to 86% amphigynous antheridia, and have a maximum temperature for growth of 36.5 degrees C. Isozyme analysis of the Phytophthora sp-h isolates revealed a three-banded pattern with malic enzyme and a three-banded pattern with malate dehydrogenase on the second putative locus. The fastest band at both enzyme loci comigrated with the single P. nicotianae band, the slowest band comigrated with the single P. cactorum (and also P. pseudotsugae) band, and one band in between was concluded to represent the heterodimeric isozyme. The random amplified polymorphic DNA patterns of the Phytophthora sp-h isolates almost exclusively consisted of bands that were also present in either P. nicotianae or P. cactorum. Southern hybridization showed that bands specific for P. nicotianae were present as comigrating bands in the Phytophthora sp-h isolates. The same was found for species-specific bands of P. cactorum. It is concluded that the three Phytophthora sp-h isolates represent interspecific hybrids, P. nicotianae being the one parent and P. cactorum the other. Analysis of mito-chondrial DNA with restriction enzymes revealed banding patterns in all the Phytophthora sp-h isolates identical with those of P. nicotianae, confirming that indeed P. nicotianae was one of the parents.

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An assessment of the oral hygiene and periodontal health was made in 1596 school children (777 boys and 819 girls) aged 7-14 years from randomly selected classes and schools in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The oral hygiene status of the school children assessed by the plaque indexes (PLI) of J. Greene and J. Vermillion, and that of J. Silness and H. Löe was found to be rather poor. The relative share of subjects with plaque index of 0.00 to 1.00 was found to increase with age for both sexes. The relative share of children with chronic catarrhal gingivitis was 42.61 +/- 2.34 indicating the necessity of active prophylaxis and treatment of the disease. A tendency was observed towards an increase of the disease incidence in comparison with data obtained in a 1983 study. A correlation between the hygiene status and chronic gingival inflammation in 14-year-old school children was found.

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