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The horned octopod Eledone cirrhosa, a medium-sized species found in Arabian Gulf off Saudi Arabia, was collected monthly from the Arabian Gulf off Dammam city during January to December 2022. Samples were dissected and prepared for examination using transmission electron microscopy. During genital maturation, seminiferous tubules are established in the testis, with active spermatogonia dividing. Spermatocytes 1 are observed in the tubule, followed by an increase in spermatogonia and spermatocytes in August. Spermiogenesis begins, with spherical spermatids evolving into elongated spermatids. In September, active spermatogonia, meiotic divisions, and increased spermiogenesis continue. Spermatozoa appear in Needham's pouch, indicating sexual maturity. The ovary undergoes various stages of development, with oocytes at stage I in June and July, followed by stage II in October and November. In stage III, follicular cords invade the oocyte's cytoplasm, forming numerous lipid inclusions and protein granules. The cytoplasm contains cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum and a poorly developed Golgi apparatus. Stage IV occurs in November, characterized by the maximum development of follicular cords and the beginning of vitellogenesis. The ooplasm contains numerous lipid inclusions, a syncytium, and secretory cells. From December, stage V oocytes are mainly present, indicating the activity phase of maximum secretion. Yolk platelets accumulate in the oocyte ooplasm, and chorion forms at the zona pellucida. In January, the first smooth eggs are found in some octopuses' ovary, with their proportion increasing steadily. This study aimed to investigate the mitogenic action of gonadotropin and identify the periods of intense cell multiplication during the sexual cycle using cytological methods.

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Specimens of Cnemidocarpa amphora were collected monthly from the Arabian Gulf from September 2017 to August 2018. Parts of their gonads were prepared for histological testing. The gonads' diameters varied by month. Each gonad contained many ovarian follicles with different morphologies and was surrounded by several testicular follicles. The ovarian and testicular follicles were separate, although the latter were always present near the former. Repeated measures ANOVA tests were conducted to investigate monthly changes in oocyte stages. In squirts measuring 12-13 cm in length, the gonads measured 30-50 mm from July to August; 20-25 mm from September to October; 15-20 mm from November to February; and 25-40 mm from March to June. Oogonia budded from the germinal epithelium with diameters of 20-30 µm. Previtellogenic oocytes measuring 70-120 µm were characterized by the deposition of small granules of protein around the nucleus, a continuous layer of follicular cuboidal epithelium, and scattered vacuoles in the ooplasm. The measurement of gonads and oocyte diameters were performed by image analysis (Image scope 2.3, Image Line, Inc.) and stage micrometer. The vitellogenic oocytes measured 130-220 µm and the follicular epithelium consisted of flattened and cuboidal layers. Beneath the vitelline membrane, scattered test cells appeared in the ooplasm and different granules of protein and MPS were deposited in the ooplasm. In the later phase, lipid droplets began to appear in the ooplasm. Yolk bodies formed after the impregnation of various granules together and the oocyte was ready to be shed. Before spawning, a yolk membrane appeared above the ooplasm. Post-vitellogenic oocytes, in which the homogeneity of ooplasm was restored, underwent gradual lysis and entered the atretic phase. Different stages of sperm development were present year-round in different follicles of the same squirt; hence, the testes were always mature.

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La investigación científica sobre la formación de cálculos biliares de colesterol, ha comprobado la participación de numerosos genes, entre los cuales se encuentran receptores nucleares y transportadores biliares. El desequilibrio fisicoquímico entre los lípidos biliares más importantes produce hipersecreción de colesterol en la bilis, una etapa necesaria para sobresaturar la vesícula biliar. Las sales biliares son insuficientes para solubilizar al colesterol en micelas mixtas, por lo que esta molécula se solubiliza, en su mayoría, dentro de liposomas (fosfolípidos y escasas sales biliares), y en ellos existe en alta concentración, que tiende a precipitar y a formar cristales, evento considerado como limitante para la formación de cálculos biliares. El desarrollo del cálculo puede acelerarse si existe hipersecreción de proteínas mucinas y escasa motilidad vesicular. La presente revisión tiene el objetivo de informar los nuevos aportes científicos sobre la formación de cálculos biliares de colesterol, analizando y discutiendo sus resultados enfocados a la búsqueda de tratamientos farmacológicos, porque la litiasis no tiene terapia eficaz y la colecistectomía es el método quirúrgico invasivo, cuando la enfermedad produce síntomas

Scientific research about cholesterol gallstone formation has shown the involvement of many genes, such as nuclear receptors and biliary transporters. Physicochemical imbalance of three major biliary lipids produces hypersecretion of cholesterol in bile, a key process for supersaturation of gallbladder. Bile salts are insufficient for solubilization of cholesterol in mixed micelles; therefore this molecule is solubilized mostly into liposome (phospholipids and few bile salts); there is a high concentration of cholesterol into liposomes, which leads to its precipitation and crystallization, the key factor for cholesterol gallstone formation. Development of gallstones might accelerated when there is hypersecretion of mucins and gallbladder hypomotility. The aim of this review is to inform about new scientific contributions of cholesterol gallstone formation, analyzing them to the investigation of possible pharmacological treatments, since it is a disease that has no effective treatment and the only cholecystectomy is an invasive surgical treatment for symptomatic gallstone

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Ensilaram-se três genótipos de girassol (M734, Rumbosol 91 e variedade V2000), enriquecidos no material original com: 0,5 por cento de uréia (U); 0,5 por cento de carbonato de cálcio (CC); 0,5 por cento de uréia mais 0,5 por cento de carbonato de cálcio (U+CC); inoculante bacteriano comercial (IB) comercial e sem aditivo que serviu como silagem testemunha (T). Foram utilizados silos de laboratório de PVC, abertos com 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28 e 56 dias de ensilados, sendo determinados fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), lignina e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS). As silagens de Rumbosol 91 apresentaram valores superiores aos dos genótipos V2000 e M734 nos dias de abertura para FDN, FDA e lignina. Os aditivos não promoveram alterações nos constituintes da parede celular. A silagem T não apresentou diferenças entre os genótipos quanto à DIVMS no decorrer do processo fermentativo, sendo os valores do último dia de abertura (56) de 51,0 por cento, 49,1 por cento e 48,9 por cento de DIVMS para os genótipos M734, V2000 e Rumbosol 91, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre as silagens com aditivos e a silagem testemunha com a evolução do processo fermentativo quanto à DIVMS. Os aditivos utilizados não melhoraram as silagens de girassol quanto às características avaliadas e, apesar de os genótipos apresentarem digestibilidade in vitro semelhantes, o Rumbosol 91 apresentou maiores teores de constituintes da parede celular.

Three sunflower genotypes (M 734, Rumbosol 91 and V2000 variety) enriched with 0.5 percent of urea (U); 0.5% of calcium carbonate (CC); 0.5 percent of urea plus 0.5 percent of calcium carbonate (U + CC); commercial bacterial inoculate (BI); and without any additive, used as control silage (T) were ensiled in PVC silos and opened after 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days to determine the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (FDA), lignin and dry matter in vitro digestibility (DMIVD). The Rumbosol 91 genotype silage showed higher NDF, ADF and lignin than V2000 and M734 genotypes. The additives did not promote changes in the cell wall constituents. No statistical differences among silages of the genotypes for DMIVD were observed during the fermentative process. The DMIVD at 56 days were 51.0, 49.1 and 48.9 percent for silage of M734, V2000 and Rumbosol 91 genotypes, respectively. No difference between silages with additives and control (T), during the fermentative process for DMIVD was observed. The additives did not improve sunflower silages. The genotypes showed similar in vitro digestibility, and the Rumbosol 91 genotype showed high compound of cell wall constituent.

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Ensilaram-se três genótipos de girassol (M734, Rumbosol 91 e variedade V2000), enriquecidos no material original com: 0,5% de uréia (U); 0,5% de carbonato de cálcio (CC); 0,5% de uréia mais 0,5% de carbonato de cálcio (U+CC); inoculante bacteriano comercial (IB) comercial e sem aditivo que serviu como silagem testemunha (T). Foram utilizados silos de laboratório de PVC, abertos com 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28 e 56 dias de ensilados, sendo determinados fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), lignina e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS). As silagens de Rumbosol 91 apresentaram valores superiores aos dos genótipos V2000 e M734 nos dias de abertura para FDN, FDA e lignina. Os aditivos não promoveram alterações nos constituintes da parede celular. A silagem T não apresentou diferenças entre os genótipos quanto à DIVMS no decorrer do processo fermentativo, sendo os valores do último dia de abertura (56) de 51,0%, 49,1% e 48,9% de DIVMS para os genótipos M734, V2000 e Rumbosol 91, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre as silagens com aditivos e a silagem testemunha com a evolução do processo fermentativo quanto à DIVMS. Os aditivos utilizados não melhoraram as silagens de girassol quanto às características avaliadas e, apesar de os genótipos apresentarem digestibilidade in vitro semelhantes, o Rumbosol 91 apresentou maiores teores de constituintes da parede celular.(AU)

Three sunflower genotypes (M 734, Rumbosol 91 and V2000 variety) enriched with 0.5% of urea (U); 0.5% of calcium carbonate (CC); 0.5% of urea plus 0.5% of calcium carbonate (U + CC); commercial bacterial inoculate (BI); and without any additive, used as control silage (T) were ensiled in PVC silos and opened after 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days to determine the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (FDA), lignin and dry matter in vitro digestibility (DMIVD). The Rumbosol 91 genotype silage showed higher NDF, ADF and lignin than V2000 and M734 genotypes. The additives did not promote changes in the cell wall constituents. No statistical differences among silages of the genotypes for DMIVD were observed during the fermentative process. The DMIVD at 56 days were 51.0, 49.1 and 48.9% for silage of M734, V2000 and Rumbosol 91 genotypes, respectively. No difference between silages with additives and control (T), during the fermentative process for DMIVD was observed. The additives did not improve sunflower silages. The genotypes showed similar in vitro digestibility, and the Rumbosol 91 genotype showed high compound of cell wall constituent.(AU)

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