RESUMEN
Normal and uremic adult male rats were given a daily ip injection of 20 mg Al (Al chloride)/kg for 14 d. The results indicate that Al induces a significant decrease in food ingestion, weight gain, and total protein concentration in the plasma. Compared with control animals, very high increases in Al levels were found in plasma and hepatic homogenates (about 36 and 19 times, respectively). In the brain homogenates, the Al increases were lower (about 23%). The brain cholineacetyltransferase activity was reduced: 10.6 and 14.9% in normal and uremic rats, respectively. The nephrectomy and the food restriction did not affect the total protein concentrations in plasma and the cerebral cholineacetyltransferase activity. Both were only found to be reduced in the rats treated by Al chloride.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos de Aluminio/toxicidad , Astringentes/toxicidad , Cloruros/toxicidad , Uremia/fisiopatología , Aluminio/sangre , Aluminio/metabolismo , Cloruro de Aluminio , Compuestos de Aluminio/administración & dosificación , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Astringentes/administración & dosificación , Proteínas Sanguíneas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Sanguíneas/metabolismo , Cloruros/administración & dosificación , Colina O-Acetiltransferasa/metabolismo , Cuerpo Estriado/efectos de los fármacos , Cuerpo Estriado/enzimología , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Privación de Alimentos , Inyecciones Intraperitoneales , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Nefrectomía , Prosencéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Prosencéfalo/enzimología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Uremia/metabolismo , Aumento de Peso/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Young rats were treated by gastric intubation with aluminum chloride (100 mg Al/kg/day) and aluminum lactate (100 and 200 mg Al/kg/day) from postnatal days 5 to 14. This treatment lead to a reduction in body weight. The plasma concentrations of total proteins and albumin decreased whereas the alpha 1 globulins increased in the treated rats. The aluminum concentrations in plasma and hepatic homogenates increased particularly at 200 mg Al lactate. The reduction in average body weight could be attributed to various causes: a decreased food consumption, a transient undernutrition, a reduction of the protein synthesis in the liver. The increase of the plasma concentration of the alpha 1 globulins revealed an inflammation process.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos de Aluminio/toxicidad , Proteínas Sanguíneas/efectos de los fármacos , Cloruros/toxicidad , Lactatos/toxicidad , Administración Oral , alfa-Globulinas/metabolismo , Cloruro de Aluminio , Compuestos de Aluminio/sangre , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Proteínas Sanguíneas/metabolismo , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Cloruros/sangre , Lactatos/sangre , Ácido Láctico , Hígado/química , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Albúmina Sérica/efectos de los fármacos , Albúmina Sérica/metabolismoRESUMEN
Young rats were treated by gastric intubation with aluminum lactate (0, 100, and 200 mg Al/kg/day) from postnatal days 5 to 14 to determine the treatment's influence on brain choline acetyltransferase activity and learning abilities. The results indicated that aluminum concentrations in the cerebral areas increased in parallel to plasma aluminum at the dose of 200 mg. In the same case, choline acetyltransferase activity was reduced. At postnatal days 50 and 100, the treated rats did not show alterations in their learning abilities in the 2 tests which are based on different motivations (avoidance of an aversive light or alimentary motivation) and different ways of achievement (pressing on a lever or running in a maze). A low reduction in the general activity, particularly in the radial maze test, was only observed in rats treated with 200 mg Al/kg/day.
Asunto(s)
Animales Recién Nacidos/metabolismo , Colina O-Acetiltransferasa/efectos de los fármacos , Lactatos/farmacología , Aprendizaje/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos/psicología , Condicionamiento Operante/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Intubación Gastrointestinal , Ácido Láctico , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Conducta EspacialRESUMEN
Female rats received an ip injection of aluminum chloride (10 mg Al/kg/d) during the first 12 d after parturition; this treatment led to a reduction in food intake associated with a reduction in body wt. Pups of the intoxicated dams showed a growth retardation after postnatal day 7. One day after treatment, the female rats intoxicated with aluminum had a considerably higher level of aluminum in milk than controls. The aluminum levels of plasma, liver, spleen, and kidneys were also significantly higher in treated female rats than controls. On the contrary, in the same tissues of pups from treated or not treated dams, no differences in aluminum levels were observed. No effect of aluminum treatment was detected on plasma silicon levels in dams and pups.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos de Aluminio , Aluminio/farmacocinética , Aluminio/toxicidad , Cloruros/toxicidad , Lactancia/metabolismo , Leche/metabolismo , Aluminio/sangre , Cloruro de Aluminio , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales Recién Nacidos/metabolismo , Transporte Biológico , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Lactancia/sangre , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Leche/efectos de los fármacos , Tamaño de los Órganos/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Silicio/sangre , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
Pregnant rats were treated orally with aluminum lactate (400 mg Al/kg/day) during three periods of gestation to determine the treatment's influence on mortality, weight gain, neuromotor maturation, and learning abilities of their pups. No effect of treatment on litter size, mortality rate, and weight gain of pups was detected. In the negative geotaxis test, the scores of pups from females treated during the second and third weeks of gestation were diminished. In the locomotor coordination and the operant conditioning tests, significant differences in the comparison of controls vs. the three treated groups were found, indicating long-term effects of early intoxication upon the central nervous system.
Asunto(s)
Condicionamiento Operante/efectos de los fármacos , Feto/efectos de los fármacos , Lactatos/envenenamiento , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Condicionamiento Operante/fisiología , Femenino , Ácido Láctico , Tamaño de la Camada/efectos de los fármacos , Intercambio Materno-Fetal , Mortalidad , Embarazo , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Aumento de Peso/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
By means of Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) it is possible to measure in situ the relative concentration of a given element in a volume of 1 micron 3. Atomic Emission Spectrometry (AES) allows absolute quantitation of tissue homogenates. The use of both techniques lead to correlate relative and absolute elemental concentrations. These methods have been applied to lithium and manganese quantitation after treatments at a therapeutic dose. The results assess the sensibility of SIMS analysis, around 0.1 ppm in biological specimens, and confirm the adequacy of the instrument to trace elements study.
Asunto(s)
Litio/análisis , Manganeso/análisis , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Espectrofotometría Atómica/métodos , Animales , Femenino , Riñón/análisis , Litio/sangre , Manganeso/sangre , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos , Miocardio/análisis , Glándula Tiroides/análisis , Oligoelementos/análisis , Oligoelementos/sangreRESUMEN
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) leads to an immune deficiency, which is now well documented. Some investigators have suggested that the associated zinc deficiency is important in thymic involution and changes in cellular immunity. To evaluate the respective roles of nutritional deficiency, infection, and zinc in the alteration of thymic function, we measured the amounts of thymulin (facteur thymic serique, or FTS) and of Zn in the thymus glands of 58 Senegalese children who died in various stages of malnutrition. In the severe forms (marasmus, kwashiorkor, and marasmic kwashiorkor) the thymus was tiny and contained very little thymulin. The Zn content of the thymus was high whatever the nutritional state of the subject and was related significantly only to the presence of infections. In Senegalese children thymic atrophy and depleted thymulin content are associated with severe PEM but not systemic infection or depleted thymic Zn content.
Asunto(s)
Desnutrición Proteico-Calórica/metabolismo , Factor Tímico Circulante/análisis , Timo/análisis , Hormonas del Timo/análisis , Zinc/análisis , Animales , Bovinos , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Infecciones/complicaciones , Infecciones/metabolismo , Kwashiorkor/complicaciones , Kwashiorkor/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Desnutrición Proteico-Calórica/complicaciones , PorcinosRESUMEN
Postnatal testicular and epididymal zinc concentration in the rat was investigated by means of differential pulse polarography. The zinc concentration increased gradually from birth to day 90 in the testis and up to day 60-90 in the epididymis with an abrupt increase on day 21. No marked variation in the zinc content was observed all along the epididymal duct. Experimental castration and efferent duct ligation were carried out in order to assess the influence of blood-borne and luminal androgens on epididymal zinc content. In prepubertal rats, unilateral castration and efferent duct ligation did not affect the zinc content of the epididymis. Moreover, zinc concentration was not affected by bilateral castration which induced very low plasma testosterone levels. These results suggested that epididymal zinc content did not depend upon endocrine testicular secretions, especially androgens. On the other hand, in adult rats efferent duct ligation and cryptorchidism resulted in about 50 and 70% reduction, respectively of the testicular and epididymal zinc content. A correlation was found between the absence of testicular fluid and spermatozoa or the alteration of germ cells and the decrease in epididymal and testicular zinc content.
Asunto(s)
Epidídimo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Testículo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Zinc/análisis , Envejecimiento , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Masculino , Orquiectomía , Polarografía , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Testosterona/sangreRESUMEN
We studied the concentrations of aluminum in the articular tissues of 5 hemodialysed patients treated with aluminum compounds. Aluminum crosses the synovial barrier, is found in synovial fluid (SF) and accumulates in the joint structures (synovial membrane and joint cartilage). The concentrations found in synovial tissue were 2.7 to 10 times control values, in SF 2.5 to 8 times the control concentrations and in cartilage 2.6 times the control concentrations. Transmission electron microscopy showed localization of aluminum in the lysosomal structures and wavelength dispersive microprobe analysis showed aluminum in cellular components associated with phosphate. The possible toxicity of aluminum to joints merits further investigations.
Asunto(s)
Hidróxido de Aluminio/efectos adversos , Aluminio/análisis , Articulaciones/análisis , Fallo Renal Crónico/terapia , Diálisis Renal/efectos adversos , Huesos/análisis , Cartílago Articular/análisis , Femenino , Humanos , Artropatías/etiología , Lisosomas/análisis , Masculino , Microscopía Electrónica , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Líquido Sinovial/análisis , Membrana Sinovial/análisis , Membrana Sinovial/ultraestructura , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
Pulse polarography has been applied to the determination of aluminium in bone. The sensitivity, selectivity and reproducibility of the method are described. The results of bone aluminium concentrations in controls and in haemodialysed patients treated with aluminium compounds are discussed. Pulse polarography permits very precise measurements of aluminium impregnating bone.
Asunto(s)
Aluminio/análisis , Huesos/análisis , Adulto , Anciano , Envejecimiento , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polarografía/instrumentación , Polarografía/métodosRESUMEN
Pulse polarography has been applied to the determination of aluminium in bone. The sensitivity, selectivity and reproducibility of the method are described. The results of bone aluminium concentrations in controls and in haemodialysed patients treated with aluminium compounds are discuted. Pulse polarography permits very precise measurements of aluminium impregnating bone.
Asunto(s)
Aluminio/análisis , Huesos/análisis , Adulto , Anciano , Envejecimiento , Aluminio/uso terapéutico , Femenino , Humanos , Fallo Renal Crónico/metabolismo , Fallo Renal Crónico/terapia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polarografía/métodos , Diálisis RenalRESUMEN
Impulsion polarography with anodic redissolution, a very sensitive means of dosage that is easy to repeat and more selective than atomic absorption, makes it possible to affirm the presence of bismuth in the bones after oral or parenteral treatment in 6 patients, 5 of whom suffered from osteoarthropathies that could be linked, given their nature, to the treatment administered, though this could not be proven. The presence of bismuth in the bone tissue of these patients must be considered in the physiopathological discussion of their osteoarthropathies, especially since none of them showed signs of encephalopathies.
Asunto(s)
Bismuto/efectos adversos , Artropatías/inducido químicamente , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Artropatías/diagnóstico , Artropatías/fisiopatología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , PolarografíaRESUMEN
Pulse polarography with anodic stripping has shown the presence of very high levels (2 005 microgram/kg and 6 760 microgram/kg) of bismuth in bone of two patients treated with bismuth, one parenterally and the other orally. The presence of high levels of bismuth in bone of these patients must be considered in the etiology of their athropathies. Pulse polarography with anodic stripping now permits very precise measurement of bismuth impregnating bones.
Asunto(s)
Bismuto/análisis , Enfermedades Óseas/metabolismo , Huesos/análisis , Anciano , Bismuto/efectos adversos , Bismuto/metabolismo , Femenino , Necrosis de la Cabeza Femoral/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polarografía/métodos , Sífilis/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Developments in polarography techniques over the last thirty years have enabled us to register outstanding increases in sensitivity: the order of concentration studies has evolved from 10(-3) g ions/1 to 10(-10) g ions/1. Pulse polarography with anodic stripping voltammetry is therefore particulary suitable for the determination of numerous metals which are to be found in extremely low concentration in biological samples which may be of limited volume e.g. blood. Our objects has been to describe and to apply in the case of silver a determination technique which would be sufficently sensitive, precise, practical and rapid for it to be easily used by biologists and toxicologists. A fortiori, this method may be applied in hydrology to the determination of these metals in water.
Asunto(s)
Plata/análisis , Agua/análisis , Humanos , Métodos , Polarografía , Plata/sangre , Plata/orinaRESUMEN
The development of polarographic techniques within the last thirty years has made possible exceptional increases in sensitivity ; thus the order of concentration studied has passed from 10-3 g ion/1. to 10-10 g ion/1. Pulse polarography with anodic stripping voltammetry is, therefore, particularly suitable for the determination of a large number of the so-called " biologically essential " and " highly toxic " metals, more often than not present in extremely low concentrations in biological samples which may be of limited volume (blood, for example). Our principal concern has been to describe and apply a method for the determination of lead and cadmium, sufficiently sensitive, precise, practical and rapid for everyday use by biologists and toxicologists. A fortiori this method is applicable in hydrology to the determination of traces of these metals in water.