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PURPOSE: To determine whether objective measures of oral health and salivary gland irradiation correlates with subjective measures of eating, drinking, and salivation in patients following head and neck radiation therapy (HNRT). METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 112 patients following HNRT with a completed patient-reported outcome (PRO) scale. Objective measures at post-HNRT visit included decayed-missing-filled teeth (DMFT) scores, periodontal disease condition, oral hygiene status, dental prosthesis use, and prescribed radiation dose to salivary glands. Data were collected and statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: There was no significant association between PRO scales and dental prosthesis use, periodontal disease, and oral hygiene. Although some significant findings were seen with DMFT and prescribed radiation dose to salivary glands, this explained only very small amounts of the variation in eating, drinking, and salivation measures in these patients. CONCLUSION: PRO measures should be integrated in the routine care of patients with head and neck cancer.

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PURPOSE: Enucleation is a common treatment modality performed for pediatric retinoblastoma patients, and the resultant defects are reconstructed using an ocular prosthesis. The prostheses are modified or replaced periodically, as the child develops due to orbital growth and patient-error. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the replacement frequency of prostheses in the pediatric oncologic population. METHODS: A retrospective review was completed by the two senior research investigators, of patients that had ocular prostheses fabricated following enucleation of their retinoblastoma from 2005 to 2019 (n = 90). Data collected from the medical records of the patient included the pathology, date of surgery, date of prosthesis delivery, and the replacement schedule of the ocular prosthesis. RESULTS: During the 15-year study period, 78 enucleated observations (ocular prosthesis fabricated) were included for analysis. The median age of the patients at the time of delivery of their first ocular prosthesis was calculated to be 2.6 years (range 0.3-18 years). The median time to the first modification of the prosthesis was calculated to be 6 months. The time to modification of the ocular prosthesis was further stratified by age. CONCLUSION: Pediatric patients require modification of their ocular prostheses throughout their growth and development period. Ocular prostheses are reliable prostheses with predictable outcomes. This data is helpful to set an expectation among the patient, parent, and provider.

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STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The weight of larger obturators places increased stress on the supportive teeth and bearing tissue and allows gravity to act as a dislodging factor affecting the stability and retention of the prosthesis. However, whether conventionally processed and 3-dimensionally (3D) printed hollow obturators have similar reduced weights compared with solid obturators is unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the weight difference between conventionally heat-processed complete denture obturators with and without hollowing and 3D printed obturators with a hollow bulb. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Obturators were fabricated as conventionally heat-processed solid obturators, conventionally heat-processed with a hollow obturator bulb, and 3D printed with a hollow obturator bulb. Nine obturator prostheses were fabricated for each type of Aramany Class I, Class II, and Class III defect. The weights of each of the 27 obturator prostheses were measured, and a statistical analysis was performed with exact versions of the Kruskal-Wallis test or Wilcoxon Rank Sum test (α=.05). RESULTS: Conventionally heat-processed solid obturators were significantly heavier than the conventionally heat-processed hollow (P<.001) or the 3D printed hollow obturators (P<.001). No significant difference (P=.222) was found between the conventionally heat-processed hollow and 3D printed hollow obturators. The decrease in weight was proportional to the size of the defect with the Aramany Class I defect having the largest differences in weight between the different fabrication methods, followed by Class II, and then Class III with a much smaller defect. CONCLUSIONS: Additive manufacturing could be a suitable alternative to conventional techniques for the fabrication of a closed hollow obturator because of the comparable weights.

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We report a case of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) with pembrolizumab, a rare yet possibly emerging complication. In this case, a temporal relationship between the development of ONJ and the patient's treatment regimen suggested an association between pembrolizumab/GVD therapy and the development of ONJ. Thrombocytosis and anatomic factors may also have played a role. The number of patients using pembrolizumab will likely continue to increase. We document this instance in order to better inform dental treatment around cancer patients undergoing pembrolizumab therapy.

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Importance: Proton radiation therapy (PRT) has reduced radiation-induced toxic effects, such as mucositis and xerostomia, over conventional photon radiation therapy, leading to significantly improved quality of life in patients with head and neck cancers. However, the prevalence of osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the jaw following PRT in these patients is less clear. Objective: To report the prevalence and clinical characteristics of ORN in patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer (OOPC) treated with PRT. Design, Setting, and Participants: This case series reports a single-institution experience (Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York) between November 2013 and September 2019 and included 122 radiation therapy-naive patients with OOPC treated with PRT. Data were analyzed from 2013 to 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures: Clinical parameters, including sex, age, comorbidities, tumor histology, concurrent chemotherapy, smoking, comorbidities, and preradiation dental evaluation, were obtained from the medical record. Patients with clinical or radiographic signs of ORN were identified and graded using the adopted modified Glanzmann and Grätz grading system. Characteristics of ORN, such as location, clinical presentation, initial stage at diagnosis, etiology, time to diagnosis, management, and clinical outcome at the last follow-up, were also collected. Results: Of the 122 patients (mean [SD] age, 63 [13] years; 45 [36.9%] women and 77 [63.1%] men) included in this study, 13 (10.6%) developed ORN following PRT during a median (range) follow-up time of 40.6 (<1-101) months. All patients had spontaneous development of ORN. At the time of initial diagnosis, grade 0, grade 1, grade 2, and grade 3 ORN were seen in 2, 1, 9, and 1 patient, respectively. The posterior ipsilateral mandible within the radiation field that received the full planned PRT dose was the most involved ORN site. At a median (range) follow-up of 13.5 (0.2-58.0) months from the time of ORN diagnosis, complete resolution, stable condition, and progression of ORN were seen in 3, 6, and 4 patients, respectively. The 3-year rates of ORN and death in the total cohort were 5.2% and 21.5%, while the 5-year rates of ORN and death were 11.5% and 34.4%, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: In this case series, the prevalence of ORN following PRT was found to be 10.6%, indicating that ORN remains a clinical challenge even in the era of highly conformal PRT. Clinicians treating patients with OOPC with PRT should be mindful of this complication.

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The sequelae of head-and-neck radiation may include hyposalivation, dysgeusia, trismus, mucositis, and osteoradionecrosis. A mouthguard used during radiation therapy can mitigate the effects of backscatter radiation from dental restorations. In addition, an intraoral positioning stent can assist in repositioning oral structures, such as the tongue, away from the field of radiation during treatment, thereby limiting dose delivery. The purpose of this article is to provide a technique to fabricate a combination prosthesis, which functions to reposition oral structures as well as mitigate the effects of backscatter from dental restorations during head-and-neck radiation therapy.

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Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the jaw is one of the most dreaded complications of head and neck radiation therapy. Despite the evolution of radiation treatment modalities, ORN continues to remain a therapeutic challenge and its etiopathogenesis still remains unclear. It is clinically characterized by exposed necrotic bone within the head and neck radiation field. Over the past years, several studies have reported on the definition, staging, incidence, etiology, and management of this oral complication. In this review, we summarize the literature on ORN and discuss our institutional experience and management strategies that aim to predict and mitigate risk for ORN.

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BACKGROUND: Precise planning and evaluation of the fibula bone are necessary if immediate endosseous implant placement is considered. Limited information is available on the anatomical dimensions or density of fibula used in mandibular reconstructions. This study aimed to describe the morphology and dimensions of the fibula used to reconstruct segmental mandibular defects and contrast the findings with the native mandible. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of patients who underwent segmental mandibulectomy reconstructed with osteocutaneous fibula flaps and had at least one postoperative computed tomography scan. Fibula cross sectional dimensions and densities were evaluated with three-dimensional software. Radiographic measurements were obtained from the contralateral mandible medial to the first molar for comparison. RESULTS: Four hundred seventy-seven fibula cross sections from 159 segments were evaluated. Cross-sectional oval, quadrilateral, triangular, and pentagonal shapes differed significantly in proportion (p < 0.001). Thirty-eight percent of segments (95 percent CI, 30 to 46 percent) had differences in cross-section height greater than 1 mm (p < 0.001). Between segments within the same patient, the median height difference was 1.58 mm (range, 0.14 to 6 mm). The superior cortex density was significantly higher for the fibula than the native mandible; however, the medullary space density was significantly lower (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The current study comprises the most comprehensive description of fibula morphology in mandibular reconstructions and highlights the significant variability that exists. The findings provide justification for the added time and cost of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing in centers interested in performing immediate dental implant placement, as the technology provides the necessary precision and accuracy.

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Intraoral radiation stents (IRS) are prosthetic devices that assist in the effective delivery of radiation to tumor tissues and aim to avoid unnecessary radiation to adjacent healthy tissues, thus limiting postradiotherapy toxicities. They are used to protect or displace vital structures, assist in positioning of the treatment beam for effective administration of radiotherapy, carry a radioactive material, shield healthy tissues of the oral cavity, and/or maintain the desired mouth opening during radiotherapy. With close collaboration between radiation oncologist and oral health care provider, several IRS can be fabricated by the latter for appropriate targeting and delivery of planned radiation dose and optimized treatment results. Modification of these IRS based on individual patient need is recommended to maximize prosthesis utility. The purpose of this review is to discuss the various types of IRS and highlight their clinical utility and benefits in patients receiving radiation therapy in the head and neck cancers.

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BACKGROUND: Although metastatic involvement of bony sites including cranial bones is common in neuroblastoma (NB), mandibular metastases (MM) are uncommon, and specific outcomes have not been reported upon in the modern therapeutic era. METHODS: In this retrospective study, medical records on patients with MM from NB were reviewed. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Of 29 patients, nine (31%) had MM at diagnosis, whereas in 20 (69%) MM were first detected at NB relapse at a median time of 26 (6-89) months from diagnosis. Median maximal diameter of lesions was 3 (range 0.8-4.9) cm. MM were unilateral in 83% of patients, with ascending ramus (55%) and mandibular body (38%) being the two most common sites. All patients received systemic chemotherapy, and 26 (93%) patients received radiotherapy to MM. At a median follow-up of 37.3 (24.2-219.5) months, eight of nine patients with MM at diagnosis did not experience mandibular progressive disease. Eighteen of 20 patients with MM at relapse received therapeutic radiotherapy; objective responses were noted in 78%. Seventy-two percent (5/18) had not experienced relapse within the radiation field at a median of 12 (2-276) months postradiotherapy. Dental findings at follow-up after completion of NB therapy included hypodontia, hypocalcification of enamel, and trismus. Median 3-year overall survival in patients with relapsed MM was 51 ± 12% months from relapse. CONCLUSION: MM when detected at diagnosis is associated with a prognosis similar to that for other skeletal metastases of NB. Radiotherapy is effective for control of MM detected both at diagnosis and relapse. Significant dental abnormalities posttherapy warrant regular dental evaluations and appropriate intervention.

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PURPOSE: Dental evaluation and management prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) plays a vital role in identifying and treating infections that may be life-threatening. The purpose of this study is to describe the dental management of patients undergoing pre-HSCT examination with the Dental Service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and to report on odontogenic complications. METHODS: Patients referred for evaluation as part of the standard preparation for HSCT were included. Following clinical and radiological examination, patients were assigned to one of three groups based on risk of odontogenic infection, and treatment was provided as indicated. Patients were followed, and their medical records were reviewed for odontogenic complications during the transplant admission. RESULTS: Of the 375 patients evaluated, 350 patients underwent HSCT: allogeneic 143 (40.9%) and autologous 207 (59.1%). The distribution of primary cancer diagnosis was as follows: multiple myeloma 104 (29.7%), leukemias 95 (27.1%), Hodgkin's lymphoma 28 (8.0%), non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma 99 (28.3%), and other conditions 24 (6.9%). The median time from dental evaluation to transplant was 29 days. The median Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth Index was 17. The median Community Periodontal Index was 1. Based on dental status, 145 patients (41.4%) were classified as low risk, 133 (38%) as moderate risk and 72 (20.6%) as high risk of odontogenic infection. One hundred fourteen patients (32.6%) required dental treatment prior to HSCT, and 100 of these (28.6%) completed treatment. Two (0.57%) patients had odontogenic complications. CONCLUSIONS: With conservative pre-HSCT dental treatment based on an infection risk classification system, a low odontogenic complication rate was observed.

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Oral cancer treatment involving the maxilla and/or mandible often results in esthetic and functional deficits that can diminish the patient's quality of life. As a result, expeditious reconstruction of the defect and dental rehabilitation is desirable. Dental rehabilitation shortly after reconstruction with an osteocutaneous free flap and resection prosthesis is a persistent challenge for patients with oncologic defects where immediate dental rehabilitation is not a possibility. Additionally, conventional prosthesis fabrication techniques are impractical or impossible due to postoperative anatomical changes and limitations in clinical armamentarium. To address these limitations, a technique and a novel implant-supported prosthetic workflow for the oncologic patient were developed to provide interim dental rehabilitation for such clinical situations. This article describes the prosthesis fabrication technique, reports short-term outcomes, and evaluates patient-reported quality-of-life outcomes using the FACE-Q Head and Neck Cancer Module.

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INTRODUCTION: A definitive maxillary obturator prosthesis can be used to rehabilitate a maxillary defect with the aim of improving speech, deglutition, and elimination of oronasal regurgitation. The aims of this study were (1) to determine the time required to fabricate a definitive maxillary obturator prosthesis and (2) to compare the fabrication and follow-up times between a patient's first and second definitive maxillary obturator prosthesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was completed of patients that had maxillary definitive obturators fabricated following head and neck surgery from 2002 to 2018 (n = 173). Demographics, clinical data, date of surgery, start date of fabrication, follow-up dates, and prosthesis follow-up data were collected. RESULTS: The median time to delivery of the patient's first definitive maxillary obturator prosthesis from the date of surgery was 7.7 months for nonradiated patients and 9.6 months for radiated patients (P ≤ .05). Additionally, there was a significant difference in the median number of appointments to fabricate the 1st definitive maxillary obturator prosthesis as compared to the 2nd prosthesis (6 vs 5; P ≤ .05). CONCLUSION: Fabrication timelines differed based on history of radiotherapy and patient experience. This data is helpful to set expectations for patients and practitioners regarding the process for prosthesis fabrication and follow-up.

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This clinical report describes the expeditious treatment of a geriatric patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the nose treated with total rhinectomy, craniofacial implant placement, and a nasal prosthesis.

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After ablative surgery, especially a total maxillectomy, an obturator is commonly used as a method of reconstruction. However, the loss of a palatal denture-bearing area and vestibular retentive undercuts leaves an anatomically deficient base on which to construct the definitive prosthesis. As a result, retention and stability is compromised. A solution to the retention problem is to construct an obturator that engages undercuts and scar bands. Engagement of all undercuts can lead to a prosthesis that is too cumbersome and difficult to insert, especially in a patient with scars after radiation. In this article, a technique for creating a 2-piece magnetic obturator that engages the nasal scar band is described.

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Postsurgical malocclusion is a possible sequela of care following segmental mandibulectomy and osteocutaneous free flap reconstruction. Patient-specific factors may make surgical correction an impossibility. In addition, conservative occlusal adjustments may be insufficient for correction of the occlusion. An alternative approach for the management of severe postoperative malocclusion is to fabricate a maxillary occlusal splint, which establishes interocclusal articulating surfaces and facilitates mastication. The purpose of this report is to demonstrate the technique and utility of a maxillary prosthesis to correct posttreatment malocclusion in the oncologic patient.

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Leiomyosarcoma is a rare malignant condition occurring in the maxillofacial region in which the mandible may be affected. Management of this tumor in the mandible may include segmental mandibulectomy, osteocutaneous fibula free-flap reconstruction, endosseous implants, and postoperative radiotherapy. Posttreatment malocclusion can be managed with an overpartial mandibular resection prosthesis. The purpose of this report is to describe the expeditious oral rehabilitation of an oncologic patient with posttreatment malocclusion, demonstrating the utility of an overpartial mandibular resection prosthesis.

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