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Foot orthotics are becoming recognized as an important consideration in the correction of lower extremity alignment and mechanical dysfunctions. There are many different foot orthotics on the market today claiming to relieve pain and enhance foot function. Unfortunately, minimal research has been conducted investigating the effectiveness of foot orthotics in adult patient populations. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of pain relief experienced by patients, the ability of patients to return to their previous levels of activity associated with the duration of use of the orthotics, and patient compliance. This study also discusses the specific deformity for which the orthotic was prescribed and the degree of posting necessary to compensate for the deformity. Fifty-three subjects, 20 males and 33 females, responded to a questionnaire survey. The type of foot deformity and the orthotic prescription are also presented for each subject. The responses to the questions were correlated with an individual patient chart review. In addition, chi-square analysis was used to determine the level of significance between the specific deformity and the age and weight of the patients. The level of significance was determined between the patient's ability to adjust to the orthotics and their continued use of the orthotics. Finally, the significance of the orthotic treatment was compared to four other treatment interventions. Ninety-six percent of the patients reported relief from pain with the use of the prescribed foot orthotic. Ninety-four percent of the patients were still wearing the orthotic, and 52% reported that they would not leave home without them in their shoes at the time the survey was conducted. Seventy percent of the patients reported that they were able to return to their previous level of activity with the use of the foot orthotics.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1988;10(6):205-212.

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Aromatase activity in the brain of the rat was measured during perinatal development and in adulthood. In pooled hypothalamus, preoptic area, septum and amygdala (HPAS), estrogen formation per gram protein increased between embryonic days 15 and 19 and then declined. Results for males and females were indistinguishable, except for post-natal days 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 when estrogen formation was significantly higher in the male. Aromatization was not convincingly demonstrated in cerebral cortical tissue at any time studied. Regional dissection of the HPAS in 2-3 day post-natal animals revealed significant sex differences in aromatase activity in the corticomedial amygdala and the hypothalamus, but not in the preoptic-septal region or the remainder of the amygdala. These results are consistent with the idea that perinatal androgen secretion in the male rat may stimulate estrogen formation in the brain.

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Six panoramic radiographs, each made with a different screen/film combination, were compared for "periapical visibility" by fourteen dentists. Two combinations (a par-speed and a high-speed) used calcium tungstate screens, and three used rare earth screen systems four times faster than par-speed. One other combination consisted of a single rare earth screen plus a single-coated detail film. The radiographs produced by the faster rare earth screen/film combinations were found to be similar in quality to those produced by calcium tungstate screens. Rare earth screens could be used for panoramic radiography while maintaining quality and reducing exposure.

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Four lateral cephalometric radiographs of a skull phantom, each made with a different screen/film combination, were compared for usefulness in making orthodontic measurements of the skull and jaws. The four screen/film combinations ranged in speed from 1 to 4. One combination was used with a grid. One of the screens incorporated "rare earth" phosphors. Seven orthodontists separately viewed the radiographs, identified eight selected landmarks, and determined the adequacy of their radiographic images. They also evaluated each radiograph taken as a whole. The results showed that, either for landmark visualization or for over-all value, there was little difference in ratings. All were found to be adequate. It was concluded that cephalometric radiographs made with the faster screen/film combinations, including those incorporating rare earth screens, were both usable and useful for orthodontic measurements of the skull.

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Only two United States dental schools used rare earth screens for cephalometric radiography. Forty-five schools used calcium tungstate or barium lead sulfate screens; most schools combined medium- or high-speed screens with medium-speed films. The fastest conventional screen-film combination used was eight times as fast as the slowest. Twenty-two schools used grids with their screen-film systems.

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Panoramic radiographs used alone were ineffective diagnostic aids in the detection of early interproximal carious lesions, particularly enamel lesions. The best radiographic survey in terms of numbers of enamel interproximal carious lesions detected was the combination of periapical plus posterior bitewing radiographs. For interproximal lesions extending through the enamel and into the dentin, all combinations except panoramic radiographs used alone showed comparable usefulness. For lesions involving the enamel and dentin, and extending half way or more from the dentinoenamel junction to the pulp, there generally were no significant differences between any of the combinations.

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Most of the active and provisional members of the American Association of Dental Schools used automatic processors for developing, fixing, and washing intraoral x-ray films. The S. S. White Auveloper was the processor most commonly used, the next most common being Litton's Profexray. Processing solutions were changed, on the average, two to three times a month. The quality of developing, fixing, and washing was generally reported to be satisfactory. The one major drawback to automatic processing was breakdown and malfunction of equipment.

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