RESUMEN
This study aimed to optimise metal extraction from secondary hazardous sources, such as basic oxygen steelmaking dust (BOS-D). Initially, three batch systems approaches, including bioleaching using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, chemical leaching using choline chloride-ethylene glycol (ChCl-EG) and a combined approach were compared. Then, scaling up was evaluated through a semi-continuous bioleaching column system with varied leachate recirculation over 21 days, focusing on Y, Ce, Nd, Li, Co, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Al. Bioleaching outperformed the control experiments within 3 days in the batch, demonstrating the key role of A. ferrooxidans. Chemical leaching conducted with a solid concentration of 12.5 % (w/v) successfully dissolved over 50 % of all metals within 2 h. For rare earth elements (REE), both bioleaching and hybrid leaching outperformed chemical leaching. However, considering factors such as process duration, overall efficiency, and ease of extraction, chemical leaching was the most effective method. Leachate recirculation reached a plateau after 11 days, resulting in extraction efficiency of 39 % when semi-continuous column set-up was used. Interestingly, variations in recirculation rates did not influence the extraction efficiency. Overall, this study emphasizes the considerable potential of bioleaching for metal recovery, but also highlights the need for further studies for enhancing permeability for percolation methods and optimisation, particularly in parameters such as aeration rate, when transitioning to larger scale systems.
RESUMEN
Conventional methods of metal recovery involving solvents have raised environmental concerns. To address these concerns and promote sustainable resource recovery, we explored the use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) and chelating agents (CA) as more environmentally friendly alternatives. Goethite and blast oxide slag dust (BOS-D) from heap piles at their respective sites and characterised via ICP-MS. The greatest extraction of critical metals was from goethite, removing 38% of all metals compared to 21% from the blast oxide slag. Among the tested CA, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) was the most effective, while for DES, choline chloride ethylene glycol (ChCl-EG) demonstrated superior performance in extracting metals from both blast oxide slag dust and goethite. The study further highlighted the selectivity for transition metals and metalloids was influenced by the carboxyl groups of DES. Alkaline metals and rare earth lanthanides extractions were favoured with DES due to improved mass transfer and increased denticity, respectively. In comparison to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), typically used for metal extraction, CA and DES showed comparable extraction efficiency for Fe, Cu, Pb, Li, Al, Mn, and Ni. Using these greener chelators and solvents for metal extraction show significant promise in enhancing the sustainability of solvometallurgy. Additional conditions e.g., temperature and agitation combined with a cascading leaching process could further enhance metal extraction potential.