RESUMEN
CONTEXT: The pathophysiological importance of glucocorticoids (GCs) is exemplified by patients with Cushing's syndrome who develop hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance. At a cellular level, availability of GCs to the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors is controlled by the isoforms of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD). In liver and adipose tissue, 11beta-HSD1 converts endogenous, inactive cortisone to active cortisol but also catalyzes the bioactivation of the synthetic prednisone to prednisolone. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to compare markers of 11beta-HSD1 activity and demonstrate that inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 activity limits glucocorticoid availability to adipose tissue. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a clinical study. PATIENTS: Seven healthy male volunteers participated in the study. INTERVENTION: Intervention included carbenoxolone (CBX) single dose (100 mg) and 72 hr of continuous treatment (300 mg/d). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 was monitored using five different mechanistic biomarkers (serum cortisol and prednisolone generation, urinary corticosteroid metabolite analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and adipose tissue microdialysis examining cortisol generation and glucocorticoid-mediated glycerol release). RESULTS: Each biomarker demonstrated reduced 11beta-HSD1 activity after CBX administration. After both a single dose and 72 hr of treatment with CBX, cortisol and prednisolone generation decreased as did the urinary tetrahydrocortisol+5alpha-tetrahydrocortisol to tetrahydrocortisone ratio. Using adipose tissue microdialysis, we observed decreased interstitial fluid cortisol availability with CBX treatment. Furthermore, a functional consequence of 11beta-HSD1 inhibition was observed, namely decreased prednisone-induced glycerol release into adipose tissue interstitial fluid indicative of inhibition of GC-mediated lipolysis. CONCLUSION: CBX is able to inhibit rapidly the generation of active GC in human adipose tissue. Importantly, limiting GC availability in vivo has functional consequences including decreased glycerol release.