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An 86-year-old woman presented with symptomatic hypotony on the left eye since a few weeks, blurry vision and a very sensitive eye. She had a history of bilateral intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) in 1982 and secondary intraocular lens implantation in 1988. The patient mentioned a fall on the left side of the head 6 months earlier. The diagnosis of a superior scleral fistula was made, confirmed by gonioscopy and anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Direct surgical repair of the fistula led to a favourable outcome. This case demonstrates the occurrence of symptomatic hypotony due to the traumatic creation of a scleral fistula with an inadvertent filtering bleb many years after ICCE, and the resolution of signs and symptoms after surgical repair. Conventional as well as contemporary modalities can be valuable in the assessment of such fistulae. Management depends on the clinical course and the mechanism and extent of fistulation.

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PURPOSE: To report the indications, frequency, and outcomes regarding intraocular lens (IOL) exchange in 2 university hospital tertiary referral settings over a period of 15 years. SETTING: Ophthalmology departments of the University Hospital Antwerp and the University Hospital Leuven, Belgium. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS: In this retrospective study, included were patients who underwent an IOL exchange between 2002 and 2017. Patient demographics, surgical indication, comorbidities, visual outcomes, and complications were reported. Patients who underwent IOL repositioning or add-on IOL implantation or extraction, and patients who were left aphakic, were excluded. RESULTS: Included in the study were 492 eyes. The mean age was 66.0 ± 13.3 years (range 19-91 years). The mean time between primary surgery and IOL exchange was 54.61 ± 67.07 months (range 0-343 months). Primary indication for explantation was IOL opacification, and the most common ophthalmic comorbidity was a previous history of vitreoretinal surgery. Preoperatively, the mean uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) were 0.47 ± 0.27 (range 0-1) and 0.61 ± 0.32 (range 0-1.2), respectively. Postoperative UCVA and CDVA was 0.7 ± 0.3 (range 0-1.2) and 0.8 ± 0.28 (range 0.05-1.6), respectively. The increase in both CDVA and UCVA was statistically significant (P < .001, paired t test). The most common complication perioperatively was vitreous prolapse, which occurred in 61 eyes (16%). CONCLUSIONS: IOL exchange is a challenging yet valuable treatment option for a wide spectrum of problematic IOL outcomes. The most common indication remains IOL opacification, although IOL dislocation and patient dissatisfaction are increasing as indications.

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PURPOSE: To describe the first reported case of Mycobacterium chelonae-related interface keratitis after Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK), successfully treated with DMEK exchange. METHODS: A case of donor-related DMEK interface keratitis, treated with medical therapy and DMEK exchange, was studied retrospectively. RESULTS: A patient with Fuchs endothelial dystrophy developed infectious interface keratitis after DMEK. In cultures of the donor cornea transport medium, M. chelonae was isolated. Subsequent clinical investigation showed early signs of infectious keratitis with multiple infiltrates at the donor-graft interface. Cultures at the cornea bank of origin also showed M. chelonae, indicating a donor-related infection. Because of unsuccessful medical therapy, the DMEK graft was exchanged 4.5 months after initial DMEK. After 2 weeks, some interface precipitates appeared. These precipitates regressed over the following months with continued medical therapy. Antibiotic therapy was successfully ended 5 months after DMEK exchange. CONCLUSION: This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and intensive treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial interface keratitis. If intensive medical therapy is able to contain infection but fails to eradicate interface keratitis, DMEK exchange is a possible treatment option.

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PURPOSE: To compare the effective lens position (ELP) after phaco surgery alone and after combined phacovitrectomy surgery. METHODS: Twenty patients who were scheduled for elective surgery in both eyes were included. In one eye, phacovitrectomy surgery was performed (without any tamponade), and in the fellow eye, only phaco surgery was performed using the same IOL type. Pre- and postoperative biometric measurements were performed using laser interference biometry. The postoperative anterior chamber depth (ACD) was measured to determine the ELP. The primary outcome measure was the difference in the postoperative ACD between both eyes. RESULTS: The postoperative ACD following phacovitrectomy showed a statistically significant increase compared with that following phaco surgery alone, indicating a more posterior position of the IOL. CONCLUSIONS: An adjusted ELP parameter to optimize IOL calculation may be useful in eyes undergoing combined phacovitrectomy sugergy.

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Cystinosis is a rare autosomal recessive disease with an incidence of approximately 1 case per 100,000-200,000 live births. Over the years, gaining in-depth knowledge of the disease has led to vast improvement in patient life expectancy. However, debilitating, extra-renal manifestations such as eye disease, in particular corneal crystal deposition and its associated photophobia, still occur frequently, regardless of patient age and notwithstanding the increased implementation of systemic therapy. Ophthalmological assessment has not yet been standardized. The aim of this article was to provide clear recommendations for ophthalmological assessment during follow-up of patients with cystinosis to improve quality and regularity of ophthalmological care and thereby minimize ophthalmological complications. A literature search was performed to assess previous and current recommendations on examinations to conduct during follow-up of patients with cystinosis. Multidisciplinary cystinosis clinics were set up in collaboration with the Department of Ophthalmology and the Department of Pediatric Nephrology to allow patients to be seen by a nephrologist, an ophthalmologist and other specialists on the same day. Based on the results of these multidisciplinary clinics the standardized clinical ophthalmological assessment was drafted. This is a protocol for follow-up, describing the approach taken regarding ophthalmological follow-up of patients with cystinosis, considering the different types of the disease and the time since diagnosis. Standard examination includes history, visual acuity, tonometry and slit-lamp examination, with fundus photography performed at diagnosis and annually thereafter. Confocal microscopy is the imaging modality of choice, while anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a good alternative. Finally, posterior segment OCT for imaging of the macular region and optic nerve should be conducted on an annual basis.

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PURPOSE: To report the case of a patient with bilateral frosted branch angiitis and undiagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma. METHODS: Review of clinical history, laboratory findings, histology of supraclavicular lymph node biopsy, and follow-up. RESULTS: A 22-year-old man presented with a sudden, bilateral visual loss. Fundus examination and fluorescein angiography disclosed a bilateral frosted branch angiitis that was dramatically responsive to systemic corticosteroid therapy. Laboratory tests were unremarkable but radiologic studies showed extensive mediastinal and supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. A supraclavicular lymph node biopsy led to the diagnosis of nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of frosted branch angiitis in combination with classical Hodgkin lymphoma, although possibly coincidental, raises the possibility of a paraneoplastic syndrome. Thus, we suggest that, for patients with frosted branch angiitis, Hodgkin lymphoma should be considered in the diagnostic workup.

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In order to examine the effect of estrogen on facial pain, we first compared the face-rubbing evoked by a formalin injection in the lip of aromatase-knockout (ArKO) mice, lacking endogenous estrogen production, 17 beta-estradiol-treated ArKO mice (ArKO-E2) and wild-type (WT) littermates. During the 'acute' phase of pain the time spent rubbing was similar in the three groups, whereas during the following 'interphase' and the second phase of pain, grooming was increased in ArKO mice. Estradiol-treatment restored a behaviour similar to WT group. To better understand estrogens modulation on pain processes, we examined changes in 5-HT and CGRP innervations of trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) in ArKO, ArKO-E2 and WT groups sacrificed during the interphase. Whereas serotonin and CGRP immunoreactivities were comparable in WT and ArKO non-injected control groups, our data showed that 9 min after formalin injection, the density of serotoninergic terminals increased significantly in WT, but not in ArKO mice, while that of CGRP-immunoreactive fibers was lower in WT than in ArKO mice on the injected side. Estradiol-treatment only partially reversed these changes in ArKO-E2 mice. We conclude that estrogen deprivation in ArKO mice can be responsible for increased nociceptive response and that it is accompanied by transmitter changes favouring pro- over anti-nociceptive mechanisms in TNC during interphase of the formalin model. That estradiol-treatment completely reverses the behavioural abnormality suggests that estrogens absence produces chiefly functional activation-dependent changes. However, the fact that the immunohistochemical abnormalities were not totally normalized by estradiol-treatment suggested that some permanent developmental alterations may occur in ArKO mice.

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