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Asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disease in children. It has a serious impact on children's physical and mental health. Pulmonary rehabilitation is a multidisciplinary and comprehensive intervention for patients with chronic respiratory disease, whose major components include breathing training, inspiratory muscle training and exercise training. Pulmonary rehabilitation is a multidisciplinary and comprehensive intervention for patients with chronic respiratory diseases, the main components of which are breathing training, inspiratory muscle training and exercise training. Pulmonary rehabilitation can improve the physical and mental condition of patients with chronic respiratory diseases and promote healthy behaviors. However, there is little research on pulmonary rehabilitation in children with asthma. This review comprehensively evaluated the effect of pulmonary rehabilitation in children with asthma at home and abroad, aiming to provide reference for clinical research on pulmonary rehabilitation in children with asthma.

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BACKGROUND: Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only disease-modifying therapy that can achieve immune tolerance in patients through long-term allergen stimulation. Glycans play crucial roles in allergic disease, but no information on changes in glycosylation related to an allergic tolerance status has been reported. METHODS: Fifty-seven patients with house dust mite (HDM) allergies were enrolled. Twenty-eight patients were not treated with AIT, 19 patients had just entered the AIT maintenance treatment phase, and 10 patients had been in the AIT maintenance phase for more than 1 year. Serum protein N-glycans were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), which included linkage-specific sialylation information. RESULTS: Eighty-four N-glycans were identified in all three groups. Compared with the patients treated without AIT, the patients treated with AIT for a shorter time showed downregulated expression of high-mannose glycans and upregulated expression of α2,6 sialic acid. The patients treated with AIT in the maintenance phase for over 1 year, which was considered the start of immunological tolerance, showed downregulated expression of biantennary N-glycans and upregulated expression of multibranched and complex N-glycans. Nine N-glycans were changed between allergic and allergic-tolerant patients. CONCLUSIONS: The glycan form changed from mannose to a more complex type as treatment time increased, and multibranched complex glycans have the potential to be used as a monitoring indicator of immune tolerance. This serum N-glycome analysis provided important information for a deeper understanding of AIT treatment at the molecular level.

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The study investigated the impacts of repeated (RDH) and continuous dry heat (CDH) treatments on the physicochemical, structural, and in vitro digestion properties of chickpea starch. The results of SEM and CLSM showed that more fissures and holes appeared on the surface of granules as the treated time of CDH and the circles of RDH increased, both of which made the starch sample much easier to break down by digestive enzymes. Moreover, the fissures and holes of starch granules treated by CDH were more obvious than those of RDH. The XRD and FT-IR results suggested that the crystal type remained C-type, and the relative crystallinity and R1047/1022 of the chickpea starch decreased after dry heat treatments. In addition, a marked decline in the pasting viscosity and gelatinization temperature of chickpea starches was found with dry heat treatments. Moreover, the increased enzyme accessibility of starch was fitted as suggested by the increased RDS content and digestion rate. This study provided basic data for the rational design of chickpea starch-based foods with nutritional functions.

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PURPOSE: Autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES) is a rare primary immune deficiency syndrome caused mainly by mutations in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) gene. More information on STAT3 mutations is still needed, and further investigation is warranted. A girl with HIES carrying a novel STAT3 mutation who had no obvious apparent symptoms but presented with a severe necrotizing pulmonary infection is described here. We analysed dynamic changes in blood cells and a series of inflammatory factors in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) before and after each bronchoscopic lavage to relieve her severe pulmonary abscess. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were used to identify novel STAT3 mutations. Flow cytometry was used for immune analysis of Th17 cells and inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS: A novel de novo mutation in STAT3 (c.1552C>T, p.Arg518*) was identified in this patient. The number of eosinophils decreased after each bronchoscopy procedure. Elevated interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-1ß levels were detected in her right lung BALF in the acute phase, but they were reduced after four bronchoscopic lavage procedures and the administration of antimicrobial medicine. CONCLUSION: More information on STAT3 mutations is needed to investigate the relationship between the genotype and HIES phenotype. Bronchoscopic lavages are recommended instead of surgery to relieve acute severe pulmonary abscesses and necrotizing pulmonary infections in paediatric patients with HIES.

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BACKGROUND: Paediatric cases of pleomorphic adenoma of the bronchus are rare in clinical practice, despite pleomorphic adenoma being the most common histological form of salivary gland neoplasm. To date, no such cases have been reported in China. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of pleomorphic adenoma of the bronchus in a 10-year-old child with no obvious positive signs on examination. Chest-enhanced computed tomography and bronchoscopy showed a large white mass in the right principal bronchus. The patient was treated by bronchial mass resection. Biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma. CONCLUSIONS: We not only describe a rare benign bronchial tumour in children but also demonstrate the successful use of surgery as a radical cure for pleomorphic adenoma.

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Deep bronchial obstruction in children caused by foreign bodies is a medical emergency frequently accompanied by the formation of granulation tissue in the airway mucosa, which is resected during removal of the foreign body. Argon plasma coagulation (APC), initially developed to achieve hemostasis in gastrointestinal bleeding during endoscopic procedures, is also used for interventional bronchoscopic therapies of malignant airway tumors. In this pilot study, we describe successful alternative resections of granulation tissues during foreign body removal by flexible bronchoscopy through concomitant APC applications in 9 children aged from 16 months to 4 years old.

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