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ABSTRACT: Rural depopulation is an inevitable trend due to urbanization and industrial development, and it is a common phenomenon in industrialized countries. The classic theory of induced technological innovation proposed by HAYAMI & RUTTAN (1971) explains the change in agricultural technology during the process of rural depopulation. This paper tests the Hayami-Ruttan induced technological innovation theory from the perspective of agricultural technology choice in the process of rural depopulation. We sort out the influence mechanism of rural depopulation on the choice of agricultural technology from four aspects, namely, factor substitution effect, demand scale effect, conditional bottleneck effect, and agricultural comparative benefit. Using the difference between the rural registered population and the permanent population, we comprehensively compiled the data on the net outflow rate of the rural population from 2005 to 2018 in 313 prefecture-level cities, and reach conclusions through panel regression. The results showed that rural depopulation is not necessarily conducive to labor-saving technological choices, but is conducive to the land-saving technological choice. However, rural depopulation promotes labor-saving technological choices when the population reaches a certain level. The conclusion is not completely consistent with the theory of Hayami-Ruttan, it reflects an idiographic feature of the Chinese environment.

RESUMO: O despovoamento rural é uma tendência inevitável devido à urbanização e ao desenvolvimento industrial, e é um fenômeno comum em países industrializados. A teoria clássica da inovação tecnológica induzida proposta por Hayami & Ruttan (1971) explica a mudança na tecnologia agrícola durante o processo de despovoamento rural. Este artigo testa a teoria da inovação tecnológica induzida por Hayami-Ruttan sob a perspectiva da escolha da tecnologia agrícola no processo de despovoamento rural. Classificamos o mecanismo de influência do despovoamento rural na escolha da tecnologia agrícola a partir de quatro aspectos, a saber, efeito de substituição de fatores, efeito de escala de demanda, efeito de gargalo condicional e benefício comparativo agrícola. Usando a diferença entre a população rural registrada e a população permanente, compilamos de forma abrangente os dados sobre a taxa líquida de saída da população rural de 2005 a 2018 em 313 cidades em nível de prefeitura e chegamos a conclusões por meio de regressão em painel. Os resultados mostram que o despovoamento rural não é necessariamente propício para a escolha tecnológica de economia de mão de obra, mas é propício para a escolha tecnológica de economia de terra. No entanto, o despovoamento rural promove escolhas tecnológicas que economizam mão-de-obra quando a população atinge um certo nível. A conclusão não é totalmente consistente com a teoria de Hayami-Ruttan, ela reflete uma característica idiográfica do ambiente chinês.

RESUMEN

Rural depopulation is an inevitable trend due to urbanization and industrial development, and it is a common phenomenon in industrialized countries. The classic theory of induced technological innovation proposed by HAYAMI & RUTTAN (1971) explains the change in agricultural technology during the process of rural depopulation. This paper tests the Hayami-Ruttan induced technological innovation theory from the perspective of agricultural technology choice in the process of rural depopulation. We sort out the influence mechanism of rural depopulation on the choice of agricultural technology from four aspects, namely, factor substitution effect, demand scale effect, conditional bottleneck effect, and agricultural comparative benefit. Using the difference between the rural registered population and the permanent population, we comprehensively compiled the data on the net outflow rate of the rural population from 2005 to 2018 in 313 prefecture-level cities, and reach conclusions through panel regression. The results showed that rural depopulation is not necessarily conducive to labor-saving technological choices, but is conducive to the land-saving technological choice. However, rural depopulation promotes labor-saving technological choices when the population reaches a certain level. The conclusion is not completely consistent with the theory of Hayami-Ruttan, it reflects an idiographic feature of the Chinese environment.

O despovoamento rural é uma tendência inevitável devido à urbanização e ao desenvolvimento industrial, e é um fenômeno comum em países industrializados. A teoria clássica da inovação tecnológica induzida proposta por Hayami & Ruttan (1971) explica a mudança na tecnologia agrícola durante o processo de despovoamento rural. Este artigo testa a teoria da inovação tecnológica induzida por Hayami-Ruttan sob a perspectiva da escolha da tecnologia agrícola no processo de despovoamento rural. Classificamos o mecanismo de influência do despovoamento rural na escolha da tecnologia agrícola a partir de quatro aspectos, a saber, efeito de substituição de fatores, efeito de escala de demanda, efeito de gargalo condicional e benefício comparativo agrícola. Usando a diferença entre a população rural registrada e a população permanente, compilamos de forma abrangente os dados sobre a taxa líquida de saída da população rural de 2005 a 2018 em 313 cidades em nível de prefeitura e chegamos a conclusões por meio de regressão em painel. Os resultados mostram que o despovoamento rural não é necessariamente propício para a escolha tecnológica de economia de mão de obra, mas é propício para a escolha tecnológica de economia de terra. No entanto, o despovoamento rural promove escolhas tecnológicas que economizam mão-de-obra quando a população atinge um certo nível. A conclusão não é totalmente consistente com a teoria de Hayami-Ruttan, ela reflete uma característica idiográfica do ambiente chinês.

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Epidural fibrosis is the main cause of failed back surgery syndrome. To investigate the role of miR-146 in the diagnosis and development of epidural fibrosis. Lumbar disc tissues were collected from 72 lumbar disc herniation patients (45 developed epidural fibrosis and 27 did not). The expression of miR-146 in collected tissues and isolated epidural fibroblasts was detected by RT-qPCR. The relative levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed by ELISA. The effect of miR-146 on the proliferation of fibroblasts was evaluated by MTT assay. miR-146 was significantly upregulated in epidural fibrosis patients compared with control patients. The expression of miR-146 was closely associated with the location, lower limb symptom and duration of disease of epidural fibrosis patients, and was positively correlated with the relative levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, miR-146 could discriminate epidural fibrosis patients from control patients. In isolated epidural fibroblasts, the overexpression of miR-146 dramatically enhanced its proliferation and the inflammatory response. miR-146 serves as a diagnostic biomarker for the early detection of epidural fibrosis. The upregulation of miR-146 enhanced the fibroblasts proliferation and inflammatory response in epidural fibrosis. This study provides a novel potential therapeutic target for epidural fibrosis.

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We report an 80-year-old male patient with severe rheumatoid arthritis who was treated with tripterygium glycoside, an immunosuppressive agent made from the extract of a Chinese medicinal herb called Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. The patient had no apparent skin lesions before the treatment, but he developed aggressive hyperkeratotic lesions with rapid progression after using tripterygium glycoside. He was repeatedly diagnosed with eczema, but treatment failed to achieve efficacy. Interestingly, a microscopic examination of the lesions revealed numerous scabies mites and eggs. Thus, we confirmed the diagnosis of Norwegian scabies infection. Treated with crotamiton 10% cream and 10% sulfur ointment for one month, the patient's clinical symptoms disappeared.

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Abstract: We report an 80-year-old male patient with severe rheumatoid arthritis who was treated with tripterygium glycoside, an immunosuppressive agent made from the extract of a Chinese medicinal herb called Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. The patient had no apparent skin lesions before the treatment, but he developed aggressive hyperkeratotic lesions with rapid progression after using tripterygium glycoside. He was repeatedly diagnosed with eczema, but treatment failed to achieve efficacy. Interestingly, a microscopic examination of the lesions revealed numerous scabies mites and eggs. Thus, we confirmed the diagnosis of Norwegian scabies infection. Treated with crotamiton 10% cream and 10% sulfur ointment for one month, the patient's clinical symptoms disappeared.

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