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BACKGROUND: Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) is a solitary ectoparasitoid with wide-ranging potential applications as a natural biological control agent against various coleopterous pests in food warehouses. Implementing an effective cold storage program is crucial for extending the shelf life of biological control agents and ensuring their stable and abundant supply. Herein, we attempted to determine the optimal cold storage conditions for Anisopteromalus calandrae by investigating the effect of cold storage at three different temperatures (7, 13, and 19 °C) for 7, 21, and 35 days on four developmental stages (late-instar larvae, early-stage pupae, mid-stage pupae, and 2-day-old adults). Additionally, we explored the maximum cold storage potential by observing early-stage pupae stored at 13 °C for various durations (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days). RESULTS: The most suitable cold storage temperature for the early-stage pupae of Anisopteromalus calandrae was 13 °C, and the highest adult emergence rate (98.3%) was after 90 days of storage at 13 °C. Furthermore, we did not find any significant effect on longevity (female: 44.3 days; male: 38.1 days) or fecundity (121.7 wasps). The female ratio ranged from 43.5% to 50.8%. More importantly, cold storage did not adversely affect the developmental duration or fecundity of the offspring. CONCLUSION: This study offers crucial insights for managing Anisopteromalus calandrae populations under laboratory conditions and lays the foundation for potential industrial production and development. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Agentes de Control Biológico , Avispas , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Larva , Frío , Fertilidad , Pupa , Control Biológico de Vectores/métodosRESUMEN
Tungsten bronze is an effective near-infrared (NIR) shielding material for fabricating energy-saving smart windows. While high-performing NIR-shielding glasses can be fabricated by coating a tungsten bronze film on window glasses, these glasses suffer a short lifespan due to the adhesion and degeneration of film. In this work, we show that tungsten bronze-like material Na5W14O44 can be distributed in the bulk glass matrix during the facile melt-quenching glass fabrication process under an air atmosphere, overcoming the limitations of film-based glasses. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of tungsten bronze-like Na5W14O44 functional units in the SiO2-B2O3-NaF glass matrix. The addition of a small amount of H2WO4 and Sb2O3 is critical for the formation of Na5W14O44 functional units because H2WO4 provides W for Na5W14O44, and Sb2O3 acts as a reducing agent that helps the formation of W5+ in Na5W14O44 under an air atmosphere. Furthermore, the NIR-shielding ability can be tuned by adjusting the concentration of Sb2O3 in the range of 0-1.5 mol % and of H2WO4 in the range of 4-6 mol %. The optimized composition containing 1.25 mol % of Sb2O3 and 5 mol % of H2WO4 exhibits excellent NIR-shielding ability (ΔT = 62.8%), high visible light transmittance (Tmax = 67.7%), and excellent thermal insulation. This performance is comparable to cesium tungsten bronze film-based glasses and much better than soda lime glass and ITO glass under sun irradiation. This study sheds light on fabricating energy-saving windows in a simple and cost-effective way with flexibility for fine tuning of NIR-shielding performance.
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The toad genus Oreolalax is widely distributed in southwest China and northern Vietnam. A new species of the genus is described from Sichuan Province, China. Phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA gene sequences supported the new species as an independent clade clustered into the clade also containing O. nanjiangensis and O. chuanbeiensis. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: body size moderate (SVL 51.2-64.2 mm in males); head broad; tympanum hidden; interorbital region with dark triangular pattern; belly with marbling; male lacking spines on lip margin; spiny patches on chest small with thick sparse spines in male; nuptial spines thick and sparse; tibio-tarsal articulation reaching beyond nostril when leg stretched forward; toe webbing at base.
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A rapid, sensitive and selective ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the determination and pharmacokinetic investigation of avicularin in rat plasma. Sample preparation was accomplished through a simple one-step deproteinization procedure with 0.2 mL of acetonitrile-methanol (9:1, v/v) to a 0.1 mL plasma sample. Plasma samples were separated by UPLC on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid in water with gradient elution. The total run time was 1.60 min and the elution of avicularin was at 1.20 min. The detection was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in the multiple reaction-monitoring (MRM) mode using the respective transitions m/z 434.1â301.3 for avicularin and m/z 237.2â194.3 for carbamazepine (IS), respectively. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 10-3000 ng/mL with a lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 10 ng/mL. Mean recovery of avicularin in plasma was in the range of 84.2-89.5%. Intra-day and inter-day precision were both <12%. This method was successfully applied in pharmacokinetic study after intravenous administration of 5.0mg/kg avicularin in rats.