RESUMEN
North American research has consistently reported higher social anxiety among people of Asian heritage compared to people of Western heritage. The present study used a cross-national sample of 692 university students to explore explanatory hypotheses using planned contrasts of group differences in social anxiety and related variables. The East Asian socialization hypothesis proposed social anxiety would show a linear relation corresponding to the degree of exposure to East Asian cultural norms. This hypothesis was not supported. The cultural discrepancy hypothesis examined whether bicultural East Asian participants (residing in Canada) would endorse higher social anxiety in comparison to unicultural participants (Western-heritage Canadians and native Koreans and Chinese). Compared to unicultural participants, bicultural East Asian participants reported higher social anxiety and depression, a relation that was partially mediated by bicultural participants' reports of lower self-efficacy about initiating social relationships and lower perceived social status. Overall, the results suggest higher reports of social anxiety among bicultural East Asians may be conceptualized within the context of cultural discrepancy with the mainstream culture.
Asunto(s)
Aculturación , Trastornos Fóbicos/etnología , Socialización , Adolescente , Adulto , China/etnología , Femenino , Humanos , Japón/etnología , Masculino , América del Norte , República de Corea/etnología , Autoeficacia , Clase Social , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
We examined culture-related influences on willingness to seek treatment for social anxiety in first- and second-generation students of Chinese heritage (Ns=65, 47, respectively), and their European-heritage counterparts (N=60). Participants completed measures that assessed their willingness to seek treatment for various levels of social anxiety. Results showed that participants were similar on willingness to seek treatment at low- and high-severity levels of social anxiety; however, at moderate levels, first-generation Chinese participants were significantly less willing to seek treatment compared to their European-heritage counterparts. The reluctance of first-generation Chinese participants to seek treatment was associated with greater Chinese-heritage acculturation, and was not related to perceiving symptoms of social anxiety as less impairing. The findings support the general contention that Asians in North America tend to delay treatment for mental health problems.
Asunto(s)
Pueblo Asiatico/psicología , Pueblo Asiatico/estadística & datos numéricos , Actitud Frente a la Salud/etnología , Cultura , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud , Trastornos Fóbicos , Volición , Población Blanca/psicología , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Colombia Británica , Europa (Continente)/etnología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Fóbicos/etnología , Trastornos Fóbicos/psicología , Trastornos Fóbicos/terapia , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
We examined whether social anxiety resulted in different levels of perceived impairment in first- and second-generation students of Chinese heritage (ns=65 and 47) compared to their European-heritage counterparts (n=60). We also used a modified version of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS-IV) to determine whether the 3 groups responded differently to the social demands inherent in interview-based assessment compared to questionnaires. First-generation Chinese participants reported significantly greater social anxiety and impairment than the European heritage group in response to both interviews and questionnaires. The results argue against the notion that social anxiety is perceived to cause less impairment in Chinese North Americans or that interview-based assessment has a differential effect on the Chinese- and European-heritage groups.
Asunto(s)
Aculturación , Ansiedad/etnología , Asiático/psicología , Autoimagen , Autoevaluación (Psicología) , Conducta Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Ansiedad/diagnóstico , Ansiedad/psicología , Estudios Transversales , Miedo/psicología , Femenino , Hong Kong/etnología , Humanos , Inhibición Psicológica , Entrevista Psicológica , Juicio , Masculino , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , América del Norte , Taiwán/etnología , Población Blanca/psicologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To present the results of a systematic review of literature published between 1980 and 2004 reporting findings of the prevalence and incidence of anxiety disorders in the general population. METHOD: A literature search of epidemiologic studies of anxiety disorders was conducted, using Medline and HealthSTAR databases, canvassing English-language publications. Eligible publications were restricted to studies that examined age ranges covering the adult population. A set of predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to identify relevant studies. Prevalence and incidence data were extracted and analyzed for heterogeneity. RESULTS: A total of 41 prevalence and 5 incidence studies met eligibility criteria. We found heterogeneity across 1-year and lifetime prevalence rates of all anxiety disorder categories. Pooled 1-year and lifetime prevalence rates for total anxiety disorders were 10.6% and 16.6%. Pooled rates for individual disorders varied widely. Women had generally higher prevalence rates across all anxiety disorder categories, compared with men, but the magnitude of this difference varied. CONCLUSION: The international prevalence of anxiety disorders varies greatly between published epidemiologic reports. The variability associated with all anxiety disorders is considerably smaller than the variability associated with individual disorders. Women report higher rates of anxiety disorders than men. Several factors were found to be associated with heterogeneity among rates, including diagnostic criteria, diagnostic instrument, sample size, country studied, and response rate.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos de Ansiedad/epidemiología , Trastornos de Ansiedad/diagnóstico , Trastornos de Ansiedad/psicología , Humanos , Incidencia , Prevalencia , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To present the results of a systematic review of literature published between January 1, 1980, and December 31, 2000, that reports epidemiologic estimates of substance-related disorders. METHOD: We conducted a literature search of substance-related epidemiologic studies, using medline and HealthSTAR databases and applying a set of predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify relevant studies. We extracted and analyzed prevalence and incidence data for heterogeneity. RESULTS: A total of 19 prevalence studies of substance-related disorders met inclusion criteria for this review. Heterogeneity analyses revealed significant variability across 1-year and lifetime prevalence of both alcohol and other substance use disorders. The corresponding 1-year and lifetime pooled rates were 6.6 per 100 and 13.2 per 100, respectively, for alcohol use disorders and 2.4 per 100 and 2.4 per 100, respectively, for other substance use disorders. We observed variability among countries and also among regions within the same country. In contrast to other drug problems, alcohol use disorders were substantially more common, were more likely to occur among male subjects, and were more likely to be associated with abuse symptoms. For other drugs, dependence was consistently more prevalent than abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Studies using rigorous and comparable methodologies report significant variability in rates of alcohol and other substance use disorders. These data suggest that different policies and regional practices are associated with variability in rates of disorders. Policy-makers and health planners require regular, regionally sensitive estimates of prevalence rates to respond effectively to unique patterns of need in their constituencies.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Femenino , Salud Global , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Distribución por SexoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To present the results of a systematic review of literature published between January 1, 1980, and December 31, 2000, that reports findings on the prevalence and incidence of mood disorders in both general population and primary care settings. METHOD: We conducted a literature search of epidemiologic studies of mood disorders, using Medline and HealthSTAR databases and canvassing English-language publications. Eligible publications were restricted to studies that examined subjects aged at least 15 years and over. We used a set of predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify relevant studies. We extracted and analyzed prevalence and incidence data for heterogeneity. RESULTS: Of general population studies, a total of 18 prevalence and 5 incidence studies met eligibility criteria. We found heterogeneity across 1-year and lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymic disorder and bipolar I disorder. The corresponding pooled rates for 1-year prevalence were 4.1 per 100, 2.0 per 100, and 0.72 per 100, respectively. For lifetime prevalence, the corresponding pooled rates were 6.7 per 100, 3.6 per 100, and 0. per 100, respectively. Significant variation was observed among 1-year incidence rates of MDD, with a correspond ing pooled rate of 2.9 per 100. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of mood disorders reported in high-quality studies is generally lower than rates commonly reported in the general psychiatric literature. When controlled for common methodological confounds, variation in prevalence rates persists across studies and deserves continued study. Methodological variation among studies that have examined the prevalence of depression in primary health care services is so large that comparative analyses cannot be achieved.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos del Humor/epidemiología , Análisis de Varianza , Trastorno Bipolar/diagnóstico , Trastorno Bipolar/epidemiología , Trastorno Bipolar/psicología , Comparación Transcultural , Estudios Transversales , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/diagnóstico , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/epidemiología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/psicología , Trastorno Distímico/diagnóstico , Trastorno Distímico/epidemiología , Trastorno Distímico/psicología , Humanos , Incidencia , Trastornos del Humor/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Humor/psicologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To present the results of a systematic review of the literature published between January 1, 1980, and December 31, 2000, that reports findings on the prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia and related disorders. METHOD: We conducted a literature search of schizophrenia-related epidemiological studies, using Medline and HealthSTAR databases and canvassing English-language publications. We used a set of predetermined inclusion-exclusion criteria to identify relevant studies. Eligible publications were restricted to age ranges of 18 years and over for prevalence studies and 15 years and over for incidence studies. Prevalence and incidence data were extracted and analyzed for heterogeneity. RESULTS: A total of 18 prevalence and 8 incidence studies met eligibility criteria for the review. Heterogeneity analysis revealed significant differences across 1-year and lifetime prevalence and 1-year incidence of schizophrenia. The corresponding pooled rates were: 0.34 per 100, 0.55 per 100, and 11.1 per 100,000, respectively; the variation in rates between studies was generally between 2- and 5-fold. CONCLUSIONS: Although we restricted this review to studies using rigorous and relatively homogeneous methods, there remains significant heterogeneity of prevalence and incidence rates. This strengthens support for the hypothesis that there is real variation in the distribution of schizophrenia around the world. Health planners need to have local data on schizophrenia rates to improve the accuracy of their interventions, while clinicians and researchers need to continue to investigate the etiology of this variation.