RESUMEN
Recent average annual catches of sharks by tuna longline vessels fishing in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) are estimated to be between 1583 and 2274 t. Although 22 shark species have been recorded by the observer programme for this fishery, 80% of the annual catch comprises only five species: blue shark Prionace glauca, silky shark Carcharhinus falciformis, bigeye thresher shark Alopias superciliosus, pelagic thresher shark Alopias pelagicus and oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus longimanus. Wire leaders (i.e. branch lines or traces) were also used by nearly all observed vessels. Generalized additive model (GAM)-based analyses of catch rates indicated that P. glauca and A. superciliosus are caught in higher numbers when vessels fish in relatively cooler waters, at night, close to the full moon, when the 27° C thermocline is close to the surface and during El Niño conditions. In contrast, C. falciformis, A. pelagicus and C. longimanus are caught in higher numbers when shark lines are used (all three species) or hooks are set at a shallow depth (A. pelagicus and C. longimanus and, also, P. glauca). These findings are generally consistent with current knowledge of these species' habitat preferences, movement and distribution. The results of these analyses were combined with information pertaining to shark condition and fate upon capture to compare the likely effectiveness of a range of potential measures for reducing shark mortality in the longline fishery. Of the options considered, the most effective would be to combine measures that reduce the catch rate (e.g. restrictions on the use of wire leaders, shark baits and shark lines) with measures that increase survival rates after post-capture release (e.g. finning bans).
Asunto(s)
Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Explotaciones Pesqueras/métodos , Tiburones , Animales , Biodiversidad , Geografía , MicronesiaRESUMEN
Factor VIII is a trace plasma glycoprotein involved as a cofactor in the activation of factor X by factor IXa. Inherited deficiency of factor VIII results in the X-linked bleeding disorder hemophilia A which has been documented in humans, horses, sheep and dogs. In this report, the putative proximal promoter, 5' untranslated region, complete coding sequence and 3' untranslated region of the canine factor VIII gene have been characterized. When compared to the human gene, the 5' flanking region shows conservation of transcription factor binding sites in the 5' untranslated region. Alignment of the amino acid sequence with that of the previously reported human, mouse and pig proteins demonstrates sequence identity of between 77 and 92% for the A1, A2, A3, C1 and C2 domains but an identity of only between 44 and 62% for the central B domain. The three thrombin cleavage sites are conserved in the canine sequence as are the protein C cleavage sites and the von Willebrand factor binding region. In addition, all six tyrosine residues that are known to undergo sulfation in the human protein are conserved in the dog. The 3' untranslated region of the canine gene extends 1.5 kilobases. The initial 700 basepairs of this sequence are highly GC rich and the sequence terminates with 2 alternative potential polyadenylation sites. The knowledge of this sequence, in combination with a well described canine model of hemophilia A, provides the necessary starting point for studies addressing the long-term evaluation of factor VIII gene therapy using a homologous transgene.
Asunto(s)
ADN Complementario/genética , Factor VIII/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , ADN Complementario/aislamiento & purificación , Perros , Humanos , Ratones , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Alineación de Secuencia , Análisis de SecuenciaRESUMEN
The viscosity of phosphoric acid etchants for enamel and dentin may be increased by the addition of silica. This in vitro study investigated the effect of a silica-containing 10% phosphoric acid gel on the bond strength of composite resin to dentin as compared to a 10% phosphoric acid gel without silica, using 20 extracted human molars. The results indicated that the etchant containing submicron silica provided higher bond strengths than the etchant without a silica constituent. The learning objective of this article is to provide the findings of the study for the clinicians.
Asunto(s)
Grabado Ácido Dental/métodos , Ácidos Fosfóricos , Dióxido de Silicio , Resinas Compuestas , Dentina , Humanos , Ensayo de Materiales , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Ácidos Fosfóricos/química , ViscosidadRESUMEN
This clinical investigation assessed the retention of pit and fissure sealants with and without the use of a post-etching drying agent in pediatric dental patients. Twenty eight healthy patients with four fully erupted, non-carious first permanent molars participated. Sixteen males and 12 females, 5-12 years of age, each received four sealants, two with and two without a drying agent. Sealants were placed by three dental operators. Assignment for sealant application (with and without drying agent) was based on a computer-generated randomization table. Sealant application involved cleansing of the teeth with a non-fluoridated prophylaxis paste followed by rinsing 60 seconds with air/water spray, enamel conditioning with 40% phosphoric acid for 60 seconds, rinsing with air/water spray for 60 seconds, application of drying agent for 5 seconds, application of sealant material, and light curing for 60 seconds. Modified USPHS (Ryge) criteria were used to evaluate interfacial staining, secondary caries, marginal integrity, and surface texture. Sealant retention was evaluated as fully retained or lost (failed). All 28 participants returned for the 12-month recall visit. Four evaluators reported a 91% overall retention rate. Of the 56 teeth sealed without a drying agent, there was a 13% (n = 7) failure rate compared to 5% (n = 3) failure rate for the 56 teeth sealed with a drying agent. These results were not statistically significant (P > 0.05) based on the log-rank test.
Asunto(s)
Materiales Dentales , Recubrimientos Dentinarios , Selladores de Fosas y Fisuras , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Compuestos Orgánicos , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Propiedades de SuperficieRESUMEN
This study reports on four school-age boys' use of the specialized register of sportscasting as performed both spontaneously and when elicited by the researcher, and compares the boys' production of formal register-marking features to adult usage. Like the commentary of professional sportscasters, the boys' commentating is characterized by heavy use of simple-present action verbs, use of constructions lacking elements that are ordinarily grammatically required (the subject pronoun he, an auxiliary verb, or a main verb), and (in the elicited version) frequent occurrence of passives. The boys invest the most 'ungrammatical' utterance types (those lacking finite verbs) with a function that is not clearly present in adult sportscasting discourse, that of pointing forward in the discourse.
Asunto(s)
Desarrollo del Lenguaje , Semántica , Deportes , Conducta Verbal , Vocabulario , Niño , Humanos , Masculino , Medición de la Producción del HablaRESUMEN
We have examined phosphatidylcholine transfer activity in lung-soluble fractions from six vertebrate species. There is a significant correlation between the amount of phosphatidylcholine transfer activity and both the alveolar surface area and surface active material. This suggested that phosphatidylcholine exchange proteins have a role in the lung surfactant system.