RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Research findings suggest that, in addition to hostility, social dominance-related variables may be related to morbidity and mortality. The purposes of the present study were to evaluate a) whether pressured social dominance (defined as a pattern of structured-interview-defined characteristics of verbal competition, immediateness of response, and fast speaking rate) was related to long-term health outcomes, namely, all-cause mortality, and b) whether individuals characterized by other patterns of structured-interview-derived characteristics also varied in terms of mortality. METHOD: The present study represents an analysis of the data from the 22-year mortality follow-up of 750 men from the Western Collaborative Group Study. Cluster analytic techniques were used to classify individuals according to their speech and behavioral characteristics during a structured interview. Cox proportional hazards models were used to test the association between the behavioral characteristics and the risk of all-cause mortality. RESULTS: The pattern of characteristics reflecting pressured social dominance was found to be positively related to mortality (RR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1-2.4, p < .02); this relation held after controlling for diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and smoking status at study entry, and also after controlling for hostility. In addition, the pattern of characteristics in which hostility was salient was found to be positively related to mortality (RR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1-2.2, p < .02). Finally, a pattern of characteristics that suggests placid individuals who are neither hostile nor socially dominant was found to be significantly negatively related to mortality (RR = .638, 95% CI = .419-.974, p < .04). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that, in future research concerning psychosocial factors and long-term survival, attention should be given to social dominance as well as to hostility.
Asunto(s)
Causas de Muerte , Hombres/psicología , Predominio Social , Adulto , California/epidemiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Análisis por Conglomerados , Conducta Competitiva , Intervalos de Confianza , Factores de Confusión Epidemiológicos , Enfermedad Coronaria/mortalidad , Enfermedad Coronaria/psicología , Estudios de Seguimiento , Hostilidad , Humanos , Masculino , Análisis por Apareamiento , Persona de Mediana Edad , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Riesgo , Estrés Psicológico/mortalidad , Personalidad Tipo A , Conducta VerbalRESUMEN
Relations between cardiovascular reactivity and cynical hostility, aggressiveness, antagonism, and anger-in were examined in White college women for conditions of high and low interpersonal stress. High stress was created by having the participants discuss an issue on which they held a strong view with a confederate who adamantly espoused an opposing view. Participants in the low-stress condition discussed an issue on which they held no strong views with a confederate who amicably expressed agreement. Participants higher in cynical hostility exhibited more systolic blood pressure reactivity than individuals lower in cynical hostility in the high interpersonal stress condition only. Also, antagonism was positively related to heart rate reactivity across conditions. However, neither aggressiveness nor anger-in was related to reactivity in either condition. Overall, cynical hostility and a disposition toward disagreeable, manipulative behaviors (i.e., antagonism) but not overt aggressive behavior were found to be related to cardiovascular reactivity.
Asunto(s)
Ira , Enfermedad Coronaria/psicología , Hemodinámica , Hostilidad , Mujeres/psicología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Psicofisiología , Estrés Psicológico , Estados Unidos , Población BlancaRESUMEN
The present study was conducted to examine for college males relations between aggressiveness (or expressive hostility) and dominance and (a) particular developmental experiences and (b) total serum cholesterol. Aggressiveness but not dominance was found to be positively related to subjects' reports of their parents' behavior which reflected (a) less genuine acceptance, (b) more interference in the person's desires as a child, and (c) more punitiveness. For low-physically fit subjects, both aggressiveness and dominance were found to be positively related to levels of total serum cholesterol. These relations are congruent with the notion that both aggressiveness and dominance may contribute to hastening coronary atherosclerosis and risk of CHD via elevated levels of plasma lipids. It should be noted, however, that the relations obtained in the present study were all modest in size. For high-physically fit individuals associations were not found between total serum cholesterol and either aggressiveness or dominance. These results suggest that good physical fitness may attenuate the degree to which either aggressiveness or dominance may adversely affect health via elevated levels of cholesterol.
Asunto(s)
Agresión , Desarrollo Infantil , Colesterol/sangre , Dominación-Subordinación , Estudiantes , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Niño , Preescolar , Humanos , Masculino , Aptitud Física , Factores Sexuales , Estudiantes/psicología , UniversidadesRESUMEN
This study examined the psychosocial adjustment of children with asthma compared to children with diabetes, with cancer, and healthy children and the role of functional status in psychosocial adjustment. The total sample included 100 children, aged 8-16 years, (mean = 11.5 years), consisting of 48 boys and 52 girls. Children with asthma scored significantly higher on measures of affective adjustment (depression and internalizing behavior), significantly lower on self-esteem, and evidenced significantly greater functional impairment. Children with cancer missed significantly more school days. After controlling for functional status, no significant differences remained in affective adjustment but absences remained significantly higher for the children with cancer.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Psicológica , Asma/psicología , Ajuste Social , Adolescente , Niño , Depresión/etiología , Diabetes Mellitus/psicología , Evaluación Educacional , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias/psicología , Juego e Implementos de Juego , AutoimagenRESUMEN
Hostility-related variables have been categorized as to kinds of emotions, attitudes, and behaviors. Relatively few studies have explored whether genetic factors contribute to individual differences in these variables. Moreover, the majority of this research has involved male subjects. The present study utilized the twin method to evaluate the influence of genetic factors on hostility-related emotions, namely, trait anger and irritability, hostility-related attitudes, namely cynical hostility and suspiciousness, and hostility-related behaviors, namely, physical, verbal, and indirect aggression in adult women. Responses on the measure of trait anger showed evidence of significant heritability. However, evidence for a genetic component to responses on the irritability scale was less clear. There was no support for the notion of a genetic component to the measure of suspiciousness, and the evidence of a genetic contribution for cynical hostility was not significant. It was expected that due to environmental influences for women, only certain forms of aggression would show genetic variance, namely, verbal and indirect as opposed to physical forms. The results were generally congruent with these expectations.
Asunto(s)
Actitud , Emociones , Hostilidad , Personalidad/genética , Gemelos Dicigóticos/genética , Gemelos Monocigóticos/genética , Personalidad Tipo A , Adulto , Agresión/psicología , Ira , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Desarrollo de la Personalidad , Inventario de Personalidad , Fenotipo , Gemelos Dicigóticos/psicología , Gemelos Monocigóticos/psicologíaRESUMEN
The purpose of the present study was to empirically identify individuals who differed in their patterns of components derived from the structured interview (SI), and to evaluate whether individuals characterized by the different patterns varied in terms of their risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). The present study represents a reanalysis of data from the Western Collaborative Group Study in which components of Type A were individually related to risk for CHD. Subgroups of individuals who differed in the patterns of their component scores were identified by means of cluster analytic techniques and were found to vary in their risk of CHD. As expected, a pattern of characteristics in which hostility was salient was found to be predictive of CHD. Moreover, another pattern of characteristics that appears to reflect pressured, controlling, socially dominant behavior in which hostility was not salient also was found to be predictive of CHD. Further, two patterns of characteristics were identified that were unrelated to CHD risk. Finally, two patterns of characteristics were identified that were related to reduced risk of CHD. Overall, these results suggest that future research should investigate variables in addition to hostility in regard to risk for and protection from CHD.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad Coronaria/psicología , Rol del Enfermo , Personalidad Tipo A , Adulto , Enfermedad Coronaria/etiología , Enfermedad Coronaria/prevención & control , Humanos , Individualidad , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Determinación de la Personalidad , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
A pair of studies was conducted to investigate for both women employed full-time outside the home and homemakers: (a) relations between job-related stress and various indices of psychosocial strain and reported physical health problems; and (b) social support and number of children in the home in regard to direct relations with indices of psychosocial strain and physical health problems as well as moderating effects on relations between job stress and these indices. Self-report data were collected from 91 women employed outside the home and 95 homemakers. For both groups of women, more quantitative overload was associated with more tension and health problems. Greater quantitative overload was associated with more marital dissatisfaction for homemakers but not for women employed outside the home. Greater underutilization of skills for both groups of women was associated with more self-reported tension and poorer quality of marital relations but was not associated with health problems. Less reported tension was associated with greater overall social support for homemakers and greater social support from supervisors for women employed outside the home. Better quality of marital relationships was associated with greater overall social support for homemakers and greater social support from husbands and relatives/friends for women employed outside the home. For women employed outside the home, social support from supervisors and coworkers were found to moderate some of the relations between job stress and measures of psychosocial strain. Social support for homemakers, however, evidenced no moderating effects for relations involving job stress. Possibly because of low mean number and small variability in number of children in these samples, no direct relations or moderating effects were found for number of children for either group of women.
Asunto(s)
Estado de Salud , Satisfacción en el Trabajo , Estrés Psicológico/epidemiología , Mujeres Trabajadoras/psicología , Adulto , Composición Familiar , Femenino , Humanos , Kansas/epidemiología , Matrimonio/psicología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Madres/psicología , Apoyo Social , Estrés Psicológico/etiología , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
The present study was conducted to examine whether lipid levels would be related to cynical hostility (an attitudinal component of hostility), expressive hostility (a behavioral component of hostility), and neurotic hostility (an emotional component of hostility). Subjects were 74 men and 54 women who were free of potential medical factors affecting lipoprotein levels. Across both genders, expressive hostility was found to be positively related to total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Neurotic hostility was not related to lipid levels for either men or women. These results are congruent with other evidence, suggesting that expressive hostility but not hostile emotions contributes to atherogenesis. For men but not women, cynical hostility was found to be positively related to LDL. These results for men are congruent with findings, albeit not consistent, of a relation between cynical hostility and coronary artery disease.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad Coronaria/psicología , Hostilidad , Lípidos/sangre , Personalidad Tipo A , Adulto , Enfermedad Coronaria/sangre , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Inventario de Personalidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Psicometría , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Examined potential differences between individuals with high and low Cook and Medley (1954) Hostility (Ho) scale scores in regard to (a) self-esteem and particular developmental experiences; (b) utilization of social support, experience of anger, and the manner in which anger is managed; and (c) potentially health-damaging behaviors. Individuals with high Ho scale scores were found to be low in covert self-esteem and reported behavior on the part of their parents that reflected (a) less genuine acceptance, (b) more interference in the person's desires as a child, and (c) more punitiveness. In addition, the results indicated that high Ho score individuals avoid seeking or accepting social support, experience anger that is excessive and that occurs in a wide variety of situations, and suppress expression of anger. Finally, it was found that hostile individuals tended to drink more alcohol and drive a car more frequently after drinking and to have greater relative weight.
Asunto(s)
Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Hostilidad , Relaciones Interpersonales , Desarrollo de la Personalidad , Ajuste Social , Adulto , Ira , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Inventario de Personalidad , Autoimagen , Apoyo SocialRESUMEN
Sixty male subjects performed two challenging tasks while systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate were monitored. They also completed the Cook and Medley Hostility Scale and measures of social support and mode of anger expression. Subgroups of subjects who differed in the patterns of their responses to the hostility items were identified via cluster analytic techniques. Exaggerated reactivity in systolic blood pressure to the two experimental tasks was exhibited by subjects in a subgroup who appear to have negative feelings toward people, but disavow these feelings and inhibit aggression so as not to alienate others. However, these individuals may have difficulty concealing their view of others and controlling their anger which, in turn, may erode their social support.
Asunto(s)
Nivel de Alerta , Hostilidad , Individualidad , Adulto , Ira , Presión Sanguínea , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Estrés Psicológico/complicaciones , Personalidad Tipo ARESUMEN
This study investigated whether relations between stressful life events and cardiovascular activity obtained during periods of rest and stress varied as a function of family history of hypertension. Within the family history of hypertension group, males exhibited a positive association between the number of negative avoidable events and resting systolic blood pressure, whereas an inverse association between these two variables was obtained for females. Among females with a family history of hypertension, inverse associations between resting diastolic blood pressure and the subjective effects of life event and number of avoidable events were obtained. Analyses revealed that diastolic blood pressure reactivity to stress was associated with those persons with a family history of hypertension who reported fewer negative life events and less subjective effects for these events.
Asunto(s)
Sistema Cardiovascular/fisiopatología , Hipertensión/genética , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Estrés Psicológico/fisiopatología , Presión Sanguínea , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Pulso Arterial , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
This study was conducted to evaluate the relations between cardiovascular reactivity and two types of hostility, namely, overt expression of hostility in contrast to the covert experience of hostility. Diastolic blood pressure reactivity was associated with not overtly expressing hostility. For persons with a parental history of hypertension, systolic blood pressure (SBP) reactivity was associated with low scores on the covert hostility measure of irritability, while for persons without a parental history of hypertension, SBP reactivity was associated with high scores for irritability. The results are discussed in light of research in the area of cardiovascular reactivity and stress-related cardiovascular disease.
Asunto(s)
Sistema Cardiovascular/fisiopatología , Hostilidad , Hipertensión/genética , Estrés Psicológico/fisiopatología , Diástole , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , SístoleRESUMEN
The present study assessed whether Type A ratings obtained through different styles of administering the structured interview (SI) differed in their relation to cardiovascular reactivity and questionnaire measures of Type A. Seventy-four male subjects were administered the SI in either a fast, interruptive style or a slower, less disruptive style. Subjects' blood pressure and pulse rate responses to a mirror-tracing and a memory-for-digits task were measured, and subjects also completed the Framingham Type A Scale (FTAS) and the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS). Increases in diastolic blood pressure in response to the tasks and scores from the FTAS were positively related to Type A ratings obtained from slower interviews; they tended to be negatively related to Type A ratings obtained from fast, interruptive interviews. These results support the notion that style of administering the SI may influence prediction by Type A ratings of cardiovascular end-points, including CHD.
Asunto(s)
Fenómenos Fisiológicos Cardiovasculares , Entrevista Psicológica/métodos , Personalidad Tipo A , Presión Sanguínea , Humanos , Masculino , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Pulso ArterialRESUMEN
Sixty male subjects completed the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale (Ho), the anger-in, anger-out, and anger-discuss measures of anger expression from the Framingham Heart Study, and a measure of social support. Subjects also performed two challenging tasks while systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse rate (PR) were monitored. Neither SBP, DBP, nor PR responses to the tasks were found to be related to the Ho or anger expression scales. Quality of social support was not found to be related to the Ho scale but was related negatively to the anger-discuss scale. The more subjects reported discussing their anger with others, the less social support they reported having. A negative correlation was found between the Ho and anger-out scales. The possibility is discussed that the relation between either of these two measures and coronary heart disease may be mediated or moderated by the other variable.
Asunto(s)
Ira , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Cardiovasculares , Hostilidad , Medio Social , Apoyo Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Presión Sanguínea , Diástole , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , SístoleRESUMEN
Ninety-five housewives were administered the Framingham Type A Scale and the Jenkins Activity Survey. Information concerning various aspects of their daily lives as well as various psychological and psychosocial variables were obtained via questionnaire and interview. Type As were found to differ from Type Bs in having more stressful work-related experiences. Further, Type As reported poorer marital adjustment and tended to report more marital disharmony than did Type Bs. Type A behavior was also related to more self-reported stress, tension, and physical health problems. Finally, Type As reported lower covert self-esteem and tended to report more fear-of-failure than Type Bs.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Psicológica , Identidad de Género , Identificación Psicológica , Matrimonio , Enfermedades Profesionales/psicología , Autoimagen , Estrés Psicológico/complicaciones , Personalidad Tipo A , Logro , Adulto , Anciano , Enfermedad Coronaria/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas Psicológicas , Riesgo , Rol del EnfermoRESUMEN
Few studies of psychological interventions for essential hypertension have incorporated comprehensive coping skills treatment programs, evaluated the efficacy of such programs against credible, minimally effective controls, examined the effects of these interventions on pressor responses, or clarified the nature of person by treatment interactions. The present study examined the relative effectiveness of multimodal stress management training and a minimally effective treatment control (i.e. GSR biofeedback training) in the treatment of essential hypertensives' blood pressure at rest and in response to simulated stressful interpersonal situations. At the conclusion of an 8 week training period, stress management participants exhibited reliably lower resting diastolic blood pressure and tended to exhibit lower systolic pressure than controls. The former condition maintained their lower pressures through a 6-month follow-up period, but decreases in controls over follow-up rendered the conditions equivalent in blood pressure. No differences between conditions emerged in analyses on pressor responses. Stress management training was somewhat more effective for individuals scoring low rather than high on measures of trait anxiety and irritability.
Asunto(s)
Nivel de Alerta , Biorretroalimentación Psicológica , Hipertensión/terapia , Adulto , Presión Sanguínea , Femenino , Respuesta Galvánica de la Piel , Humanos , Hipertensión/psicología , Individualidad , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Relajación MuscularRESUMEN
The present investigation sought to identify the principal dimensions of the Framingham Type A scale (FTAS) and then to examine their physiological and psychological correlates. A factor analysis of the FTAS items, which was cross-validated, revealed two factors. Items concerning achievement and competitive-striving loaded primarily on the first factor. Scores on a subscale composed of these items (labeled Competitive Drive) were related to systolic blood pressure reactivity during an interpersonal task but were unrelated to anxiety. FTAS items concerning impatient, time urgent, and domineering propensities loaded primarily on the second factor. Scores on a subscale composed of these items (labeled Speed and Impatience) were not related to cardiovascular reactivity during the task but were related to anxiety. Results are discussed in terms of the psychological heterogeneity of the Type A behavior pattern and possible differences between dimensions of the overall Type A pattern and their association with different manifestations of coronary heart disease.
Asunto(s)
Ansiedad , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Cardiovasculares , Personalidad Tipo A , Logro , Presión Sanguínea , Conducta Competitiva , Enfermedad Coronaria/etiología , Emociones , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , PsicofisiologíaRESUMEN
The study was conducted to assess whether certain personality characteristics in combination with a positive family history for essential hypertension (EH) are associated with excessive cardiovascular reactivity. Subgroups who differed in the patterns of their personality characteristics were identified within normotensives with a positive family history (FH+) of EH and within normotensives with a negative family history (FH-) of EH via cluster analytic techniques. A subgroup of FH+ subjects who were characterized by denial and unwilling to admit to neurotic feelings or aggressiveness exhibited exaggerated blood pressure reactivity to two experimental tasks. Moreover, relative to their level of heightened physiologic arousal, subjects in this subgroup reported little negative affect in response to the tasks, which further suggests that they deny or suppress their feelings. The similarity of the personality pattern of these cardiovascularly reactive FH+ individuals to that sometimes found among individuals with EH is discussed.
Asunto(s)
Sistema Cardiovascular/fisiopatología , Hipertensión/genética , Personalidad , Estrés Psicológico/fisiopatología , Agresión/fisiología , Ira , Ansiedad , Presión Sanguínea , Negación en Psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Neuróticos/fisiopatología , Pulso Arterial , Estrés Psicológico/psicologíaRESUMEN
Ninety-one women employed full-time were administered the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS; Jenkins, Rosenman, & Zyzanski; 1974) and the Framingham Type A Scale (FTAS; Haynes, Levine, Scotch, Feinleib, & Kennel, 1978). Information concerning various work and nonwork-related variables was obtained via questionnaire or interview. Type A women had higher occupational levels and reported more demanding jobs and higher stress and tension than Type B women. Type A and B women did not differ in their reports of marital adjustment or in total hours spent in leisure activities. Type A behavior was related to both self-reported stress and tension--and for married women only, poorer self-reported physical health. Social support from various sources was not found to be related to Type A or Type B. Curiously, Type A was related to more reported stress and tension for women who felt they had many sources of support but not for women who did not perceive their having many sources of support.
Asunto(s)
Personalidad Tipo A , Mujeres Trabajadoras/psicología , Mujeres/psicología , Adulto , Femenino , Salud , Humanos , Satisfacción en el Trabajo , Actividades Recreativas , Matrimonio , Persona de Mediana Edad , Ocupaciones , Apoyo Social , Estrés Psicológico/psicologíaRESUMEN
Previous research has evaluated finger pulse volume (FPV) as a psychophysiological measure and found it to reflect anxiety, orienting, effort and anger. Controllable versus uncontrollable threats have been found to have different effects on cardiovascular parameters, including pulse rate (PR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). To date, no studies have compared the effects of such coping efforts on FPV with their effects on PR and SBP. The present study examined the response of PR, SBP and FPV to conditions of controllable shock, uncontrollable shock and no shock. As expected, SBP and PR measures were elevated in the controllable as compared to uncontrollable shock conditions, replicating previous work on cardiovascular responses to coping demands. In contrast, FPV was sensitive to the threat of shock, but did not differ as a function of the coping demands of the task. The findings were discussed in terms of the interpretation of FPV as a psychophysiological measure.