RESUMEN
Previous studies have indicated that voluntary exercise decreases the severity of the anxiogenic-like behaviors in both morphine-dependent and withdrawn rats. This study examined the effects of regular swimming exercise during the development of dependency and spontaneous morphine withdrawal on the anxiety-depression profile and voluntary morphine consumption in morphine dependent rats. The rats were chronically treated with bi-daily doses (10 mg/kg, at 12h intervals) of morphine over a period of 14 days. The exercising rats were allowed to swim (45 min/d, five days per a week, for 14 or 21 days) during the development of morphine dependence and withdrawal. Then, rats were tested for the severity of morphine dependence, the elevated plus-maze (EPM), sucrose preference test (SPT) and voluntary morphine consumption using a two-bottle choice paradigm in animal models of craving. The results showed that withdrawal signs were decreased in swimmer morphine dependent rats than sedentary rats (P<0.05). Also, the swimmer morphine-dependent and withdrawn rats exhibited an increase in EPM open arm time and entries (P<0.05), higher levels of sucrose preference (P<0.001) than sedentary rats. Voluntary consumption of oral morphine was less in the swimmer morphine-withdrawn rats than the sedentary groups during four periods of the intake of drug (P<0.01). We conclude that regular swimming exercise reduces the severity of morphine dependence and voluntary morphine consumption with reducing anxiety and depression in morphine-dependent and withdrawn rats. Thus, swimming exercise may be a potential method to ameliorate some of the deleterious behavioral consequences of morphine dependence.
Asunto(s)
Dependencia de Morfina/psicología , Dependencia de Morfina/terapia , Morfina/farmacología , Natación/psicología , Animales , Ansiedad/complicaciones , Ansiedad/terapia , Ansia , Depresión/complicaciones , Depresión/terapia , Masculino , Dependencia de Morfina/complicaciones , Condicionamiento Físico Animal , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Síndrome de Abstinencia a Sustancias/complicaciones , Síndrome de Abstinencia a Sustancias/psicología , Síndrome de Abstinencia a Sustancias/terapiaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCSs) and negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenia. METHODS: Subjects of the study comprised of 31 schizophrenia with obsessive-compulsive symptoms (19 men and 12 women) selected by convenience sampling method from Iran psychiatric Hospital. The diagnoses were established on the basis of DSM-IV-TR. The required data were obtained using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive scale (Y-BOC). RESULTS: The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that obsessive symptoms inversely predict negative symptoms. In other words, as the obsessive symptoms increase, the negative symptoms of schizophrenia decrease. Nevertheless, no significant relationship was found between OCSs and positive symptoms. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that OCSs exert a protective effect on schizophrenia and do not necessarily cause poorer prognosis.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Studies have emphasized on the frontal EEG asymmetry as a mediator of emotional states. This research was aimed to examine the overall and asymmetric activities of the brain lobes under the affective states. METHODS: A coupling EEG was recorded in an eye closed awakened condition from 40 right handed female students under the baseline and affective states. RESULTS: Bilaterally decreased activities in anterior and posterior regions and also a superimposed right asymmetry in posterior regions were revealed. CONCLUSIONS: Variability of frontal, temporal and parietal lobes together with a superimposed relative right posterior activity may mediate affective states.