RESUMEN
Evaluation of oral mucosal irritation is required by regulatory agencies when the intended clinical route of the drug candidate is intraoral administration. In this study, we investigated whether it was possible to evaluate oral mucosal irritation in rats by an intraoral instillation which was thought to mimic the clinical route of gargle products. Although no oral mucosal irritation was observed in the animals instilled with 0.5% and 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, an anionic detergent) solutions for 10 days, instillation of 15% SDS solution for 4 days induced oral mucosal irritation macro- and microscopically, and this was evaluated as moderate irritant. It was suggested that the oral mucosal irritation test by intraoral instillation in rats could be a simple and useful method mimicking the clinical route of gargle products.
Asunto(s)
Mucosa Bucal/efectos de los fármacos , Antisépticos Bucales/efectos adversos , Pruebas de Toxicidad Aguda/métodos , Administración Oral , Animales , Instilación de Medicamentos , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: In the present study, the nonclinical safety profile of tolvaptan was evaluated. METHODS: A series of safety pharmacology and toxicology studies were performed in vitro and in mice, rats, dogs, rabbits and guinea pigs. RESULTS: In safety pharmacological studies, tolvaptan had no adverse effects on the central nervous, somatic nervous, autonomic nervous, smooth muscle, respiratory and cardiovascular, or digestive systems. In general toxicity studies, a single dose of tolvaptan up to 2,000 mg/kg was not lethal in rats and dogs. Tolvaptan did not cause any target organ toxicity in rats after treatment for 26 weeks or in dogs after treatment for 52 weeks at oral doses of up to 1,000 mg/kg/day. The toxicities observed in the present studies were generally attributable to the exaggerated pharmacological action of tolvaptan. In reproductive and developmental toxicity studies in rats, fertility was not affected. Suppressed viability or growth observed in the prenatal and postnatal progeny occurred at the maternally toxic dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day. In rabbits, tolvaptan showed teratogenicity at 1,000 mg/kg/day, a dose that was maternally toxic causing abortion. Tolvaptan was not genotoxic or carcinogenic, and did not induce phototoxicity, antigenicity or immunotoxicity. CONCLUSION: Nonclinical toxicity that precludes the safe administration of tolvaptan to humans was not observed. However, appropriate cautions should be taken in women of childbearing potential.