RESUMEN
The genus Cyathus was established in 1768, but more in-depth taxonomic studies with the group only occurred after 1844. In the following years, changes in the infrageneric classification of Cyathus were proposed based mainly on morphology. With advances in phylogenetic studies, the morphological classifications were tested and a new subdivision into three groups was proposed in 2007. Based on the last two classifications, this work aims to expand and understand the internal phylogenetic relationships among the fungi of the genus Cyathus and examine how these relationships are reflected in the taxonomic classification, through molecular analyses covering most of the species in the group, based on materials obtained from type specimens deposited in major fungal collections worldwide, besides expanding sampling with tropical species. Molecular analyses followed the protocols available in the literature, including the design of specific primers for Cyathus. In the phylogenetic analysis, using Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian methods, sequences of ITS and LSU regions from 41 samples of 39 species of Cyathus, 26 were placed with some nomenclatural types. The monophyly of Cyathus was confirmed with maximum support in both tests, and the infrageneric groups of the most recent classification were unchanged, but the clade striatum showed segregation into four groups and three subgroups. The phylogenetic organization is supported morphological characters, and diagnoses are presented for each group, as well as a dichotomous key for the infrageneric separation.
RESUMEN
On the basis of morphological and molecular analysis of several specimens of Lysurus periphragmoides collected in Argentina, the examination of materials collected in the type locality of Simblum sphaerocephalum (nowadays known as L. periphragmoides), also collected in Argentina (Córdoba), and the examination of specimens of L. periphragmoides from the old world, we conclude that Argentinean and South American material identified and synonymized to L. periphragmoides by Dring in 1980 should be emended as L. sphaerocephalum. As this species lacks type material designated on its protologue, and there is no type material either, we propose a lectotype and an epitype for L. sphaerocephalum. On the basis of species descriptions found in literature, we constructed a table with relevant differences between these two species: L. periphragmoides and L. sphaerocephalum. We fully describe L. sphaerocephalum, including lecto- and epitypes, and its position within the Lysuraceae clade. This work also includes descriptions and images of Blumenavia rhacodes, Itajahya galericulata, L. cruciatus, and Phallus indusiatus from Argentina, with the aim of expanding our knowledge of their distribution ranges in the studied regions.
Asunto(s)
Basidiomycota/clasificación , Filogenia , Argentina , Basidiomycota/genética , Basidiomycota/crecimiento & desarrollo , Análisis por Conglomerados , ADN de Hongos/química , ADN de Hongos/genética , ADN Ribosómico/química , ADN Ribosómico/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Microscopía , ARN Ribosómico 28S/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Esporas Fúngicas/citologíaRESUMEN
Phylogenetic relationships within the Phallales were estimated via combined sequences: nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU), second largest subunit of RNA polymerase (rpb2), and mitochondrial ATPase subunit 6 (atp6). The ingroup is represented by 62 taxa comprising 18 genera and 44 species, including members of the Clathraceae, Claustulaceae, Gastrosporiaceae, Lysuraceae, Phallaceae and Protophallaceae. Sixty-one new sequences were generated, including tropical and subtropical taxa. This is one of the first studies discussing the phylogenetic placement of Abrachium, Aseroë, Blumenavia, Gastrosporium, Jansia and Xylophallus. Gastrosporiaceae was demonstrated to be sister to Phallaceae and an emended description of the order is presented. Aseroë was demonstrated to be polyphyletic and as a result, A. arachnoidea is transferred to Lysurus.
Asunto(s)
Basidiomycota/clasificación , Filogenia , Secuencia de Bases , Basidiomycota/genética , Basidiomycota/aislamiento & purificación , ADN de Hongos/química , ADN de Hongos/genética , ADN Ribosómico/genética , Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Técnicas de Tipificación Micológica , ARN Polimerasa II/genética , Subunidades Ribosómicas Grandes/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
The new species, Tulostoma domingueziae, is described and illustrated. It was found in Polylepis australis woodlands in central Argentinean highlands. Tulostoma domingueziae is characterized by the combination of a warty exoperidium, contorted stipe covered by thin scales that break off, mouth slightly projected and the socket with up to six dentate hanging membranes. DNA sequence data demonstrated that T. domingueziae is distinct from Tulostoma species for which sequence data are available.