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Objective:This study aimed to explore the status of radiological Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) among school-aged children in Chamdo City, Tibet, through a 3-year monitoring survey, providing epidemiological evidence for prevention and control strategies.Methods:The target areas for this study were Luolong, Bianba, and Basu counties in Chamdo City, Tibet Autonomous Region, identified as having the most severe historical cases of KBD. Children aged 7-12 years attending school were enrolled as study subjects. Anteroposterior X-ray films of the right-hand were taken, and radiological diagnoses were made based on the "Diagnosis of Kashin-Beck Disease" criteria (WS/T 207-2010). Two experienced researchers independently reviewed the X-rays, and intra- and inter-group consistency were assessed using weighted Kappa values and percentage agreement. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2017 and 2020 to describe the X-ray detection rates of KBD, and logistic regression analysis was employed to construct a predictive model of risk factors for radiological KBD cases.Results:In 2017, a total of 5,711 children aged 7-12 years in Chamdo City, Tibet, participated in the baseline cross-sectional survey (average age 9.2 years, 48.0% female), with 28 cases of radiological KBD. The age- and gender-standardized prevalence rate was 0.527%. In 2020, 6,771 participants (average age 9.3 years, 49.5% female) underwent a second cross-sectional survey, with 9 cases of radiological KBD and a standardized prevalence rate of 0.134%. Logistic regression analysis indicated that older age [ OR=2.439, 95% CI(1.299, 4.580), P=0.006] and female gender [ OR=8.157, 95% CI(1.016, 65.528), P=0.048] were independent risk factors for radiological KBD cases. Conversely, higher residential altitude, under the premise of Tibet's high altitude, was a protective factor [ OR=0.995, 95% CI(0.990, 0.999), P=0.032). Conclusion:The radiographically positive detection rate of KBD among school-aged children in Chamdo City, Tibet Autonomous Region, is at an extremely low level and showing a declining trend, reaching the historical standard in 2020. Considering the absence of positive signs in affected children, it suggests that local KBD has been effectively eliminated.
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Objective:To assess the changes of selenium nutrition of school-age children in Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) areas of Linzhou County, Lhasa City and Xietongmen County, Shigatse City in Tibet Autonomous Region (referred to as Tibet), and provide a scientific basis for evaluating the effectiveness of prevention and control measures.Methods:According to the historical condition of KBD, a total of 344 children's hair samples were collected to determine the content of selenium in Kazi (KBD area) and Jiangxia townships (non-KBD area) of Linzhou County in 2013 and 2021, Renqinze (KBD area) and Tongmen townships (non-KBD area) of Xietongmen County in 2015 and 2021.Results:Compared to 2013/2015, in 2021, the hair selenium level of children in the four townships increased ( P < 0.001). The selenium nutritional level of more than 90% of the children reached medium or above (hair selenium > 0.25 μg/g) in 2021. The hair selenium levels of girls in the two KBD areas (Kazi and Renqinze townships) were lower than those of boys ( Z = - 2.83, - 2.83, P < 0.05). Conclusions:The selenium nutrition level of school-age children in KBD areas in Linzhou and Xietongmen counties has increased rapidly in recent years. However, the selenium nutrition level of girls is significantly lower than that of boys. It is necessary to strengthen prevention, controlling and monitoring, and to further improve the dietary structure of school-age children through the joint efforts of families and schools, to increase the proportion of exogenous high selenium food intake.
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Objective:To understand the iodine nutritional status of Tibet residents and provide a scientific basis for prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders in Tibet.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 67 counties (districts) of 7 cities of Tibet. Each county (district) was divided into 5 sampling areas according to its east, west, south, north and middle location, and 1 township (town) was selected from each sampling area. Four administrative villages were selected from each township (town), and 15 household's salt samples were sampled for salt iodine detection. Twenty pregnant women and 1 primary school were selected from each township (town). Forty non-boarding children aged 8-10 years (half male and half female) were selected from each primary school, urine samples were collected for urinary iodine detection. Thyroid volume was also measured in children aged 8 to 10 years in 3 cities.Results:In 2018, the median of salt iodine in Tibet was 25.33 mg/kg (22 136 samples). The coverage rate of iodized salt, the qualified rate of iodized salt and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt were 97.75% (21 637/22 136), 87.00% (18 824/21 637) and 85.04% (18 824/22 136), respectively. The difference between 7 cities were statistically singnificant ( P < 0.01). Naqu City had the lowest levels [92.03% (2 923/3 176), 69.41% (2 029/2 923), 63.89% (2 029/3 176)]. The median of urinary iodine of 13 516 children aged 8-10 years was 187.0 μg/L. The urinary iodine of boys was 188.6 μg/L, girls was 185.6 μg/L. The median of urinary iodine of 2 920 pregnant women was 165.6 μg/L. The differences in urinary iodine of pregnant women in different pregnancy periods were statistically significant ( H=13.33, P < 0.01). The urinary iodine of pregnant women was the highest in early pregnancy (178.9 μg/L) and the lowest in late pregnancy (162.3 μg/L). The goiter rate of children aged 8-10 years was 1.01% (34/3 364). The goiter rate of children in different cities was different (χ 2=59.28, P < 0.01), and Changdu had the highest (4.25%, 17/400). Conclusions:In 2018, the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt among Tibet residents is relatively low, and the comprehensive prevention and control measures of iodine deficiency disorders need to be further strengthened. We should strengthen the monitoring of iodine nutrition level of pregnant women at different stages of pregnancy, strengthen health education and raise the awareness of prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders among residents.
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Objective The echocardiography of patients with chronic Keshan disease (CKD) in the plateau and plain areas was compared,to analyze the specific manifestations of echocardiography in patients with high altitude CKD,to provide a reference for imaging diagnosis.Methods From October 2014 to December 2016,34 patients with CKD were selected in the Tibet Autonomous Region [18 males,16 females,aged (44.5 ± 5.6) years old] as plateau group;45 patients with CKD were selected in Shandong Province [21 males,24 females,age (47.3 ± 6.9) years old] as a plain group.Echocardiography was performed on the observed subjects,and cardiac morphology,hemodynamics and cardiac function were analyzed.Results The left atrial diameter (LAD),left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD),and left ventricular mass (LVM) of the plateau group were (39.2 ± 4.8),(56.5 ± 6.3) mm and (232.4 ± 40.2) g,respectively,which were lower than those of the plain group [(48.3 ± 5.7),(65.2 ± 7.8) mm,(283.7 ± 38.3) g,t =-7.52,-5.30,-5.74,P ＜ 0.01].The right atrial transverse diameter (RATD),right ventricular transverse diameter (RVTD) and right ventricular lateral wall thickness (RVWT) of the plateau group were (47.6 ± 8.5),(50.4 ± 7.3) and (4.8 ± 1.1) mm,respectively,which were higher than those of the plain group [(42.3 ± 7.2),(42.7 ± 6.8),(3.3 ± 0.7) mm,t =2.99,4.81,7.36,P ＜ 0.01].The early diastolic filling velocity (E),the early diastolic peak velocity of the mitral annular (Em) of the plateau group were lower than those of the plain group,E/Em of the plateau group was higher than that of the plain group (t =-2.64,-2.35,2.07,P ＜ 0.05).The fractional area change (FAC) of right ventricular,tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and tricuspid annular systolic velocity (S') of the plateau group [(24.9 ± 2.8)％,(13.2 ± 1.2) mm,(6.8 ± 1.0) cm/s] were lower than those of the plain group [(26.3 ± 3.2)％,(14.5 ± 1.3) rmm,(7.5 ± 1.2) cm/s,t =-2.02,-4.53,-2.74,P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01].The tricuspid annular diastolic velocity (e') of the plateau group was lower than that of the plain group,and tricuspid annular blood flow early diastolic filling velocity maximum (e)/e'was higher than that of the plain group (t =-2.07,2.09,P ＜ 0.05).The systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) of the plateau group [(48.5 ± 12.3) mmHg,1 mmHg =0.133 kPa] was higher than that of the plain group [(41.6 ± 13.3) mmHg,t =2.34,P ＜ 0.05].Conclusion Compared with CKD patients in plain area,CKD patients in plateau area have showed more obvious right heart enlargement and right ventricular failure,and combined with higher SPAP.
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Objective To grasp the prevalence of drinking brick-tea type fluorosis in Tibet,and to provide scientific basis for the development of prevention and control strategies.Methods Twelve counties were selected from 7 regions in Tibet.In accordance with the "Drinking Brick-Tea Type Endemic Fluorosis Monitoring Program",a total of 46 administrative villages were selected as survey points using the cluster stratified sampling method.Household water samples,tea-water samples and adult urine samples were collected,and household fluorine intake status and incidence of skeletal fluorosis in adults over 16 years old were investigated.In the rural grade primary school where the village children were concentrated,all children aged 8-12 were selected,urine samples were collected,and the prevalence of dental fluorosis was investigated.Fluoride contents in tea,water,and urine were detected by ion selective electrode method.The dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis were examined and judged according to the "Diagnosis of Dental Fluorosis" (WS/T 208-2011) and the "Diagnostic Criteria for Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis" (WS 192-2008),respectively.Results A total of 46 villages in 12 counties were investigated,1 992 of water samples,1 662 of tea samples,664 of children urine samples,3 186 of adult urine samples were detected;547 children aged 8-12 were examined dental fluorosis and 3 196 adults were examinea skeletal fluorosis,respectively.The water fluoride contents in all the investigated villages were less than 1.0 mg/L;the average fluoride content in brick-tea water was 6.12 mg/L,within the range of 0.11-84.00 mg/L,and the average daily brick tea fluorine intake of residents was 24.98 mg.The geometric mean of urine fluoride in children and adults was 0.76,2.28 mg/L,respectively.The prevalence rates of dental fluorosis in children and skeletal fluorosis in adults over 16 years old were 31.81％ (174/547) and 48.59％ (1 553/3 196),respectively.The children dental fluorosis index was 0.60.The detection rate of skeletal fluorosis in adults aged 36-45 was 13.37％ (69/516).Conclusions The prevalence of drinking brick-tea type fluorosis in Tibet is serious and widely distributed.In particular,the prevalence rate of skeletal fluorosis in adults is relatively high,while that of dental fluorosis in children is relatively mild.The prevention and control of drinking brick-tea type fluorosis in Tibet brook no delay.
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Objective To study the relationship between environment selenium distribution characteristic and Kaschin-Beck disease (KBD) in the Yarlung Zangbo River banks and to provide some measures for prevention and control of KBD in the north side of the river bank.Methods Considering the geography and KBD distribution,we made a survey in Xietongmen (KBD area),Lazi and Sajia (non-KBD area) counties in 2013 and 2015.Water,soil,herbage,grain food and children hair samples were collected.Selenium of the samples was measured by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry.Results A total of 246 samples of natural soil,cultivated soil,drinking water,food and forage,and 103 samples of children hair were collected.The selenium in natural soil,cultivated soil,herbage,barley,tsampa,self-produced wheat in non-KBD area in the south side of Yarlung Zangbo River bank were significantly higher than those in KBD areas in the north side [mean (μg/kg):288.62 vs 134.90,228.26 vs 160.28,41.85 vs 5.10,13.99 vs 4.02,12.64 vs 8.07,27.44 vs 13.56,U =7,23,0,19,62,0,P ＜ 0.05].Hair selenium in school children in KBD area in the north side was higher than that previously reported,but still significantly lower than that in non-KBD areas in the south side of the river bank [mg/kg:0.221 vs 0.306,U =650,P ＜ 0.01],and about 65.45％ (36/55)of school children in KBD area were at a risk of selenium deficiency in the north of the Yarlung Zangbo River bank.Conclusions The selenium contem in the food chain of soilplants-animals (human being) is significantly lower in KBD area in the north side of Yarlung Zangbo River bank than that in non-KBD areas in the south side.It's still a key factor for the occurrence and prevalence of KBD that low selenium in environment in KBD areas in the north side.
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Three new points of view were reported in this study:1.Found out the distribution of KaschinBeck disease (KBD) in Tibet,the complexity of bone disease composition,and the types of osteopathy coexisted which need to be identified;2.The clinical symptoms of KBD in Tibet were significantly different from those in other areas of our country;3.The new clinical subtypes of KBD were found in Tibet,which had humeral shortness and short stature,but with normal hands and feet.This discovery made us understand KBD more profoundly and comprehensively,and promoted the research and prevention work of KBD.
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Objective To monitor the situation of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in Tibet,and to provide a background information of iodine nutritional status of residents before adjustment of iodine concentration.Methods According to the method of population proportionate sampling (PPS),27 counties were selected to carry out IDD surveillance.One primary school was selected in each county.Forty children aged 8-10 from each primary school were sampled to examine thyroid volume,and edible salt samples were collected from their home to determine salt iodine.In addition,12 of the sampled children,15 pregnant women and 15 lactating women from three townships near the selected schools were chosen to detect urinary iodine.The methods of B-ultrasonography,oxidation-reduction titration (GB/T 13025.7-1999) and arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry (WS/T 107-2006) were used to determine thyroid volume,salt iodine and urinary iodine,respectively.Results One thousand and eighty-one children aged from 8 to 10 were examined,and their goiter rate was 1.9％ (20/1 081).Seven hundred and fifty-eight salt samples were determined,and the median salt iodine level was 38.3 mg/kg and the consuming rate of qualified iodized salt was 88.1％(758/668).Meanwhile,urine samples of 522 children aged 8-10,267 pregnant women and 336 lactating women were also tested,and their median urinary iodine level was 166.1,132.7,138.1 μg/L,respectively.Conclusions The results show that the goiter rate and urinary iodine level of children aged from 8 to 10 have reached the national standard of IDD elimination (＜5％,100-300 μg/L),while the residents consumption rate of qualified iodized salt is still lower than the national standard (90％).In particular,the iodine nutrition of pregnant women is inadequate,which is lower than the national standard (urinary iodine 150 μg/L).It is still necessary to strengthen the monitoring of salt iodine as well as iodine nutrition in special groups in the future,and strengthen health promotion at the same time.