RESUMEN
A recently developed laser fusion technique allows polymers to be attached to metals and ceramics in short cycle times. The process and its capabilities are reviewed together with its growing range of applications.
Asunto(s)
Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Cerámica/química , Rayos Láser , Metales/química , Polímeros/química , Soldadura/métodos , CalorRESUMEN
Zero-balanced ultrafiltration (ZBUF) might reduce the systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) by removing inflammatory mediators. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ZBUF on postoperative serum S100b levels, a marker of neuronal injury. In addition, the possible effects of ZBUF on postoperative neurocognitive function were assessed. Sixty patients undergoing elective coronary bypass grafting were randomly assigned either to a control group or to a protocol group in which ZBUF was performed. Serum S100b levels were measured five minutes after intubation, at the end of bypass and eight and 20 hours after arrival at the intensive care unit (ICU). Cognitive function was assessed with neuropsychological tests on the day before the operation and the sixth day after surgery. The S100b level at 20 hours after arrival at the ICU was 0.27 g/L (SD 0.16) in the control and 0.25 g/L (SD 0.12) in the group with ZBUF. There were no statistical differences at any time between the two groups. S100b was not detectable in the ultrafiltrate, indicating that these results were not obscured by washout of S100b. Thirteen patients (52%) in the control group and 14 patients (56%) in the ZBUF group showed a cognitive deficit. In conclusion, ZBUF during CPB does not decrease the release of S100b. This result is not affected by washout. ZBUF did not reduce the incidence of early neurocognitive deficits. The role of SIRS in the development of cognitive dysfunction following CPB remains to be resolved.
Asunto(s)
Puente Cardiopulmonar/efectos adversos , Cognición , Hemofiltración/normas , Factores de Crecimiento Nervioso/sangre , Proteínas S100/sangre , Anciano , Puente Cardiopulmonar/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Inflamación/etiología , Inflamación/prevención & control , Mediadores de Inflamación/sangre , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/prevención & control , Subunidad beta de la Proteína de Unión al Calcio S100 , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
In summary, a better understanding of seizures, seizure disorders and epilepsy syndromes, as well as the advent of effective medications with generally low toxicity and side effects, now enables most epileptics to lead relatively normal lives. Careful analysis of seizure type, accurate prescription of appropriate medication and precise monitoring of medication are essential. The prognosis of, and lifestyle enjoyed by, individuals with epilepsy is far less grim than the image conjured up in the mind of the average, uninformed person on the street. Prejudice and misunderstanding still exist, however, and further public education and awareness are appropriate goals for the future.
Asunto(s)
Anticonvulsivantes/administración & dosificación , Epilepsia/diagnóstico , Convulsiones/diagnóstico , Espasmos Infantiles/diagnóstico , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anticonvulsivantes/toxicidad , Niño , Preescolar , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Esquema de Medicación , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Monitoreo de Drogas , Quimioterapia Combinada , Electroencefalografía , Epilepsia/clasificación , Epilepsia/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Convulsiones/tratamiento farmacológico , Espasmos Infantiles/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
The disposition of chloramphenicol (CAP) and of its glucuronide metabolite in plasma and milk was studied following a single intramuscular injection of a chloramphenicol base formulation (Amicol Forte; product A) and of chloramphenicol sodium succinate (product B) to dairy cows. The dose applied of both formulations was equivalent to 50 mg CAP base/kg body weight. The HPLC determined CAP concentrations were microbiologically active. Product A revealed 30% higher plasma CAP peak concentrations (13.0 vs 9.0 micrograms/ml) and 36% larger areas under the plasma concentration-time curves than product B, whereas their absorption and elimination half-lives were of the same order of magnitude. In the onset phase (during 4 h p.i.) unhydrolysed CAP sodium succinate could be detected in plasma and the glucuronide fraction was 26% of the parent drug. After 25 h p.i. the glucuronide fraction equalled that of the parent drug. The maximum CAP concentration in milk was for product B equal to, and for product A 80% of, the CAP plasma concentration. In milk no chloramphenicol glucuronide metabolites could be detected. HPLC methods for detecting ultra-trace CAP concentrations in edible tissues were developed by the employment of extraction with or without a clean-up procedure. Seven days after i.m. administration of product A and B to calves, the CAP residue concentrations in the kidney, liver, and muscle were less than 2 nanogram/g tissue. Traces of CAP residues could be still found at the injection site and in the urine. Chloramphenicol sodium succinate (product B) caused extensive tissue irritation at the injection site, while in the case of product A the irritation was limited.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Asunto(s)
Bovinos/metabolismo , Cloranfenicol/análogos & derivados , Cloranfenicol/metabolismo , Animales , Cloranfenicol/administración & dosificación , Cloranfenicol/efectos adversos , Femenino , Inyecciones Intramusculares , Cinética , Leche/metabolismoRESUMEN
The plasma disposition of sulfadimidine (SDM) and its metabolites N4-acetylsulfadimidine (N4-SDM), 6-hydroxymethyl-4-methyl-pyrimidine (SCH2OH) and 5-hydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-pyrimidine (SOH), was studied in three horses following intravenous administration of SDM at dose levels of 20 and 200 mg/kg in cross-over trials. The percentages of N4-SDM (0.58-0.90%), SOH (0.83-6.75%) and SCH2OH (0.38-0.71%) in plasma, expressed as a percentage of the total sulfonamide concentration, were small and their plasma concentrations were parallel with SDM from 4 h following administration. At high doses (200 mg/kg), the elimination half-life was slightly longer than at low doses (6.0, 10.5, 11.0 vs 5.0, 9.5, 9.5, respectively). The plasma protein binding was related to the dose; it was for the 20 and 200 mg/kg doses, respectively:SDM:61.5-73.3% and 50.5-52.1%; SOH: 47.1-71.0% and 36.7-39.5%, and for N4-SDM: 45.9-63.2% and 38.3-53.7%. The protein binding for SCH2OH, measured in samples obtained at the high dose level, ranged from 13.8 to 20.0%.