RESUMEN
A sound knowledge of horseshoe impact on blood flow parameters is required for making shoeing decisions and selecting the most appropriate types of shoes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of horse shoeing with egg bar shoes and shoes with wedge pads on blood flow parameters in the lateral palmar digital artery measured by Doppler ultrasound. The study was conducted on 16 horses divided into two groups. Horses from group 1 were shod with egg bar shoes. Horses from group 2 were shod with shoes with wedge pads. Doppler ultrasound parameters of the lateral palmar digital artery at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint were evaluated. Doppler tests were performed before and after shoeing within a monthly interval. The results of the study indicate that egg bar shoes have a greater impact on blood circulation in the distal part of the equine limb than shoes with wedge pads. However, the only parameters to have changed substantially after shoeing with egg bar shoes were end-diastolic velocity (EDV) and mean velocity (Vmn) in the lateral palmar digital artery. A low-resistance blood flow pattern was noted before shoeing. After shoeing in group 1, it remained unchanged in 5 horses, whereas a high-resistance pattern was observed in 3 animals. A low-resistance blood flow pattern was noted in all group 2 horses after shoeing. The difference between the analyzed shoeing techniques could be attributed to increased pressure in the heel bulb area in horses shod with egg bar shoes. Wedge pads shift the load away from the heel bulbs, which might reduce the pressure on the palmar digital vessels and exert a smaller influence on the parameters measured in the Doppler ultrasound test.
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Zapatos , Animales , Arterias , Diástole , Caballos , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
Modeling stroke in animals is essential for testing efficacy of new treatments; however, previous neuroprotective therapies, based on systemic delivery in rodents failed, exposing the need for model with improved clinical relevance. The purpose of this study was to develop endovascular approach for inducing ischemia in swine. To achieve that goal, we used intra-arterial administration of thrombin mixed with gadolinium and visualized the occlusion with real-time MRI. Placement of the microcatheter proximally to rete allowed trans-catheter perfusion of the ipsilateral hemisphere as visualized by contrast-enhanced perfusion MR scans. Dynamic T2*w MRI facilitated visualization of thrombin + Gd solution transiting through cerebral vasculature and persistent hyperintensities indicated occlusion. Area of trans-catheter perfusion dynamically quantified on representative slice before and after thrombin administration (22.20 ± 6.31 cm2 vs. 13.28 ± 4.71 cm2 respectively) indicated significantly reduced perfusion. ADC mapping showed evidence of ischemia as early as 27 min and follow-up T2w scans confirmed ischemic lesion (3.14 ± 1.41 cm2). Animals developed contralateral neurological deficits but were ambulatory. Our study has overcome long lasting challenge of inducing endovascular stroke model in pig. We were able to induce stroke using minimally invasive endovascular approach and observe in real-time formation of the thrombus, blockage of cerebral perfusion and eventually stroke lesion.
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Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen de Difusión Tensora/métodos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/métodos , Accidente Cerebrovascular Isquémico/diagnóstico por imagen , Neuroimagen/métodos , Trombosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Animales , Medios de Contraste/administración & dosificación , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Gadolinio/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Porcinos , Trombina/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a method of choice in diagnosing nervous system disorders. This paper presents the results of a study where selected segments of the canine spine were examined by low-field MRI in 112 patients. Images of pathological changes were obtained in spin echo (SE), fast spin echo (FSE) and hybrid contrast enhancement (3D HYCE) sequences. The cervical region of the spinal cord (C1-C5) was examined in 32 patients, the cervicothoracic region (C6-Th2)- in 14 patients, the thoracolumbar region (Th3-L3) - in 23 patients, and the lumbosacral region (L4-S3) - in 43 patients. The results were used to determine the incidence of pathological changes in different sections of the canine spine, such as intervertebral disc disease (IDD), disc desiccation, syringomyelia and changes characterized by higher uptake of the contrast medium. Intervertebral disc disease was diagnosed in 52.7% of patients and it was the most common abnormality. Disc dehydratation without protrusion or extrusion was noted in 23.2% of animals. Pathological changes with increased uptake of the contrast medium and indicative of neoplastic growth were observed in 13.4% of patients and syringomyelia was diagnosed in 9.82% of the examined animals. The proposed sequences revealed the presence of above abnormalities.
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Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Columna Vertebral/patología , Siringomielia/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/patología , Siringomielia/diagnóstico por imagen , Siringomielia/patologíaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of thromboelastometry for the analysis of blood test results in goats after the use of hemostatic dressings to control massive bleeding. The study was carried out on 12 goats, 6 animals in each of two subgroups. In all experimental animals incision of the femoral artery was performed, and bleeding was controlled with QuikClot gauze in the first group and Celox gauze in the second group. Dressings were applied for 60 minutes. Blood samples for thromboelastometry were collected from the jugular vein before the incision and 60 min after the application of a dressing. Clotting time (CT), clot formation time (CFT), maximum clot firmness (MCF) and α angle (°) were measured in three standard ROTEM assays (system with generation of reaction curve, numerical parameters and size of the blood clot): intrinsic coagulation pathway (INTEM), extrinsic coagulation pathway (EXTEM) and functional fibrinogen (FIBTEM). Complete hemostasis of the injured femoral artery was found in all goats. No significant differences between pre- and post-incision thromboelastometric parameters were found in any tests in any of the groups, which indicates that the use of dressings was not associated with blood coagulation disorders. This study is the first to describe the use of thromboelastometry in goats for the assessment of clot formation and hemostatic disorders.
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Vendajes , Arteria Femoral/patología , Cabras/sangre , Hemorragia/veterinaria , Tromboelastografía/veterinaria , Animales , Arteria Femoral/lesiones , Hemorragia/terapia , Técnicas Hemostáticas/instrumentación , MasculinoRESUMEN
The intention of the comparison of both low and high field was to examine which anatomical brain structures of cats were visible on low field images, as in clinical veterinary practice, 3 Tesla (T) magnets were of limited availability. The research was performed on 20 European short-haired male and female cats, aged 1-3 years, with body weight of 2-4 kg. 0.25 T magnetic resonance images of neurocranium were acquired in all using T2-weighted fast spin echo sequences with repetition time (TR) of 4010 ms and echo time (TE) of 90 ms in dorsal and transverse plane, and T2-weighted fast spine echo sequences with TR of 4290 ms and TE of 120 ms in sagittal plane. Based on a detailed catalogue of feline brain structures visible at 3 T in previously published studies, it was examined which structures were visible on low field images. Anatomic structures were identified and compared to assess the reliability of diagnoses made based on low-field magnetic resonance imaging. In low-field scans, 92 structures were identified. Elements of auditory, visual, motor pathways, hippocampus and cerebral ventricular system were distinguished. Low-field as well as high-field magnetic resonance imaging support the identification of local tissue lesions, metastasis, focal ischaemia and haemorrhage, disorders associated with ventricular system dilation and hydrocephalus. It also produced accurate images of the hippocampus, which contributes to reliable diagnoses of various forms of epilepsy in cats. Due to technical limitations, a low-field scanner is unlikely to visualize microtraumas, local inflammations, small haematomas or metastatic tumours.
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Lesiones Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Mapeo Encefálico/métodos , Encéfalo/anatomía & histología , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Cráneo/diagnóstico por imagen , Animales , Lesiones Encefálicas/diagnóstico por imagen , Lesiones Encefálicas/patología , Gatos , Femenino , Masculino , Cráneo/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
Hemorrhaging from large vessels poses a serious problem in emergency situations when blood loss needs to be immediately controlled. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of two hemostatic dressings in controlling bleeding from a surgically punctured femoral artery. The study was performed on thirteen pigs divided into two groups, of six and seven pigs, respectively. Combat gauze covered with ChitoClear hqg 95 chitosan and Protanal LF10/60 FT sodium alginate was used in the first group, seton covered with identical substances was uses in the second group. Selected hemostatic dressing was applied to the wound 20 seconds after incision and then removed at regular time intervals to evaluate hemostasis. Modified seton was characterized by a shorter time to hemostasis than combat gauze. The result of this experiment indicate that modified seton proved to be a more effective dressing than modified combat gauze.
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Vendajes , Hemorragia/terapia , Hemostáticos/farmacología , Animales , Quitosano/farmacología , Femenino , Arteria Femoral , Apósitos Oclusivos , Porcinos , Heridas y LesionesRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Many patients undergoing cardiac surgery have risk factors for both atrial fibrillation (AF) and stroke. The left atrial appendage (LAA) is the primary site for thrombi formation. The most severe complication of emboli derived from LAA is stroke, which is associated with a 12-month mortality rate of 38% and a 12-month recurrence rate of 17%. The most common form of treatment for atrial fibrillation and stroke prevention is the pharmacological therapy with anticoagulants. Nonetheless this form of therapy is associated with high risk of major bleeding. Therefore LAA occlusion devices should be tested for their ability to reduce future cerebral ischemic events in patients with high-risk of haemorrhage. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of a novel left atrial appendage exclusion device with a minimally invasive introducer in a swine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A completely novel LAA device, which is composed of two tubes connected together using a specially created bail, was designed using finite element modelling (FEM) to obtain an optimal support force of 36 N at the closure line. The monolithic form of the occluder was obtained by using additive manufacturing of granular PA2200 powder with the technology of selective laser sintering (SLS). Fifteen swine were included in the feasibility tests, with 10 animals undergoing fourteen days of follow-up and 5 animals undergoing long-term observation of 3 months. For one animal, the follow-up was further prolonged to 6 months. The device was placed via minithoracotomy. After the observation period, all of the animals were euthanized, and their hearts were tested for LAA closure and local inflammatory and tissue response. RESULTS: After the defined observation period, all fifteen hearts were explanted. In all cases the full closure of the LAA was achieved. The macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of the explanted hearts showed that all devices were securely integrated in the surrounding tissues. No pericarditis or macroscopic signs of inflammation at the site of the device were found. All pigs were in good condition with normal weight gain and no other clinical symptoms. CONCLUSION: This novel 3D printed left atrial appendage closure technique with a novel holdfast device was proven to be safe and feasible in all pigs. A benign healing process without inflammation and damage to the surrounding structures or evidence of new thrombi formation was observed. Moreover, the uncomplicated survival and full LAA exclusion in all animals demonstrate the efficacy of this novel and relatively cheap device. Further clinical evaluation and implementation studies should be performed to introduce this new technology into clinical practice.
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Apéndice Atrial/cirugía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Cardíacos/instrumentación , Toracotomía/métodos , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Masculino , Impresión Tridimensional , Análisis de Supervivencia , Porcinos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Cicatrización de HeridasRESUMEN
This article describes clinical experiments involving laparoscopic pyloromyotomy and pyloroplasty in six dogs diagnosed with hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter. Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy was performed in three dogs, and pyloroplasty was carried out in the remaining three animals. The patients were operated on based on the authors' previous experiences with experimental pyloromyotomy and pyloroplasty in pigs. Pyloromyotomy and pyloroplasty resulted in full recovery and complete subsidence of symptoms in all patients.
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Procedimientos Quirúrgicos del Sistema Digestivo/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Laparoscopía/veterinaria , Píloro/cirugía , Animales , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos del Sistema Digestivo/métodos , Perros , Laparoscopía/métodosRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare laparoscopic pyloromyotomy methods involving the laparoscopic scalpel and the harmonic scalpel in pigs. The experiment was conducted on 4 subgroups of 12 animals subjected to laparoscopic-assisted pyloromyotomy with a surgical scalpel and the harmonic scalpel, as well as laparoscopic pyloromyotomy with Berci's laparoscopic scalpel and the harmonic scalpel. No postsurgical complications were observed. Four weeks after the surgery, the animals were sacrificed and autopsy was performed. In one animal peritoneal adhesions between the intestines and the mini-laparotomy incision were found. Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy and laparoscopic-assisted pyloromyotomy performed in pigs enabled the selection of laparoscopic entry sites, instruments for pyloromyotomy and evaluation of the applied surgical procedures in animals. The results of this study indicate that the methods applied can be safely used in clinical practice in dogs and cats due to minimal post-operative complications and fast healing of laparoscopic incisions in comparison with classical surgical wounds, and that the harmonic scalpel is a safe surgical instru- ment.
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Laparoscopía/veterinaria , Píloro/cirugía , Porcinos/cirugía , Animales , Laparoscopía/efectos adversos , Laparoscopía/métodos , Adherencias Tisulares/etiología , Adherencias Tisulares/patología , Adherencias Tisulares/veterinariaRESUMEN
The effectiveness of three types of hemostatic dressings, QuikClot Gauze, ChitoGauze PRO and Celox Gauze, was evaluated in nine pigs. The results indicated a strong influence of all examined dressings on porcine femoral muscle tissue evaluated 24 hours after direct contact. A histopathological analysis revealed pathological changes in muscle tissue specimens collected from all the animals.
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Vendajes/veterinaria , Hemostáticos , Porcinos/lesiones , Cicatrización de Heridas/fisiología , AnimalesRESUMEN
Twenty canine elbows were examined by low-field MRI. The objective of this study was to compare five magnetic resonance sequences: High Resolution Gradient Echo in the sagittal plane, XBONE T2 in the sagittal plane, Spin Echo T1 in the sagittal plane, Spin Echo T1 in the dorsal plane and 3D SST1 and XBONE T1 in the transverse plane, and to determine which sequences have the highest diagnostic value in imagining the canine elbow. High Resolution Gradient Echo, XBONE T2 and Spin Echo T1 sequences in the sagittal plane proved to be very useful in evaluations of osseous structures such as the medial coronoid process, the anconeal process of the ulna and joint surfaces. The above sequences facilitate evaluations of radial extensor muscle of the wrist, biceps brachii muscle, triceps brachii muscle and the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. 3D SST1 and XBONE T1 sequences in the transverse plane produce high-quality images of the medial humeral condyle and surfaces of the elbow joint. Those sequences are also useful for evaluating the surrounding muscles: extensor digitorum communis muscle, extensor carpi radialis muscle, deltoid muscle, biceps brachii muscle, pronator teres muscle and flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. The Spin Echo T1 sequence in the dorsal plane facilitates assessments of joint surfaces, medial humeral condyle, superficial digital flexor muscle, deep digital flexor muscle, triceps brachii muscle and extensor digitorum lateralis muscle. The Spin Echo T1 sequence in the sagittal plane has a short scan time, but it produces images of lower quality than High Resolution Gradient Echo and XBONE T2 sequences in the sagittal plane.
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Miembro Anterior/anatomía & histología , Articulaciones/anatomía & histología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Animales , Perros , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to determine the response of hemostatic dressings. Coagulation and fibrinolytic systems, red blood cell parameters, platelet and leukocyte counts were evaluated after the application of hemostatic dressings: QuikClot, Chitoauze and Celox gauze. The experiment was performed on ten pigs.
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Vendajes/veterinaria , Hemorragia/terapia , Técnicas Hemostáticas/instrumentación , Hemostáticos , Porcinos , Heridas y Lesiones/terapia , Animales , Pruebas de Coagulación Sanguínea , FemeninoRESUMEN
Magnetic resonance is a great diagnostic tool in equine lameness examination. Its value is most significantly visible in evaluating distal extremities. Problems with podotrochlear apparatus, laminitis or distal interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis are the most common disorders diagnosed in equine patients. Without using magnetic resonance it was impossible to clearly assess which structures are involved in each of these diseases. One of the most important things in MRI is the choice of sequence. Most commonly used are T1 GE, T2 FSE, STIR and T2* GE, in sagittal, transverse and dorsal planes. To make a reliable diagnosis it is important to compare findings in all these sequences.
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Enfermedades de los Caballos/diagnóstico por imagen , Cojera Animal/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de los Caballos/diagnóstico , Caballos , RadiografíaRESUMEN
General equine anesthesia is accompanied by the risk of complications and even death. The majority of general anesthetics used in veterinary practice lead to arterial hypotension, decreased capillary perfusion and ventilatory depression leading to pathological changes referred to as postanesthetic myopathy. In this study an attempt was made to analyze changes in the perioperative and postoperative acid-base equilibrium and blood enzymatic activity in horses, subject to the intensity of the applied fluid therapy. The horses were divided into two groups: I--administered Ringer's solution during surgery at a dose of 6-10 ml/kg BW/h, II--Ringer's solution administered at a dose of 12-15 ml/kg BW/h. The results of the study indicate that use of hydrating fluid infusions during general anesthesia, including infusions without hypertensive substances, minimizes the risk of myocyte damage due to disturbances in local and general blood circulation.
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Anestesia General/veterinaria , Análisis de los Gases de la Sangre/veterinaria , Enzimas/sangre , Caballos/sangre , Soluciones Isotónicas/administración & dosificación , Soluciones Isotónicas/farmacología , Animales , Presión Sanguínea , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Electrólitos/administración & dosificación , Electrólitos/farmacología , Femenino , Masculino , Enfermedades Musculares/etiología , Enfermedades Musculares/prevención & control , Enfermedades Musculares/veterinaria , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/prevención & control , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/veterinaria , Solución de RingerRESUMEN
This paper describes laparoscopy-guided prostate biopsy experiments in 13 dogs. Biopsy material was evaluated histopathologically to diagnose causes of prostatic gland enlargement. Laparoscopic biopsy was performed in male dogs diagnosed with prostatic gland enlargement, based on clinical symptoms and results of rectal examinations.
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Biopsia con Aguja Fina/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Laparoscopía/veterinaria , Enfermedades de la Próstata/veterinaria , Animales , Biopsia con Aguja Fina/métodos , Perros , Laparoscopía/métodos , Masculino , Enfermedades de la Próstata/diagnósticoRESUMEN
A window in the pericardial sac was created by thoracoscopy in two dogs with diagnosed idiopathic haemorrhagic pericardial effusion (IHPE). Thoracoscopic access to the pericardial sac facilitated surgery and minimised the risk of complications associated with conventional thoracotomy.
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Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Derrame Pericárdico/veterinaria , Técnicas de Ventana Pericárdica/veterinaria , Toracoscopía/veterinaria , Animales , Perros , Derrame Pericárdico/cirugíaRESUMEN
Thoracoscopic biopsies were taken from four dogs with lung tumours using a Roeder's loop. A Roeder's loop is used to collect pulmonary tissue samples for histopathological analyses. In all the animals tissue biopsy using a Roeder's loop enabled to collect a relatively large specimen of the lung tumor tissue.
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Biopsia/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/veterinaria , Toracoscopía/veterinaria , Animales , Biopsia/instrumentación , Perros , Femenino , Pulmón/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnósticoRESUMEN
The paper describes current views on the use of osteochondral autografts and allografts in the treatment of articular cartilage lesions in animals. It presents surgical techniques of grafting and the biological features of osteochondral auto- and allografts, and their effect on the recipient's cartilage.
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Enfermedades de los Animales/cirugía , Cartílago Articular/trasplante , Osteocondritis/veterinaria , Trasplante Autólogo/veterinaria , Trasplante Homólogo/veterinaria , Animales , Osteocondritis/cirugíaRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the applicability of endoscopic examination as a diagnostic method in urethra and bladder ailments in dogs. The experiment involved 60 dogs of different breeds and gender, weighing from 5 to 65 kg, aged between 7 months and 12 years. The dogs were divided into two groups. Group I consisted of clinically healthy animals on which all the lower urinary tract endoscopic examinations described in the literature as well as biopsies of mucosa were performed. Group II consisted of clinical patients, on which endoscopic diagnostic examination was conducted and, on some of them, biopsies for histopathologic examination were made. The results of the experiment suggest that the lower urinary track endoscopy is a suitable diagnostic technique for recognition and differentiation of mucosa inflammation, establishment of causes of haematuria, diagnostics of neoplasms and detection of the existence of an ectopic ureter. Biopsy and histopathologic examination improved the diagnostic value of endoscopy. The techniques tested in our study, inclusive of more invasive method like PPC and cystoscopy on males preceded by the perineal urethrotomy, enable doctors to perform the lower urinary tract endoscopic examination on dogs, especially up to 5 kg. regardless of their gender.
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Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Endoscopía/veterinaria , Enfermedades Uretrales/veterinaria , Enfermedades de la Vejiga Urinaria/veterinaria , Animales , Perros , Femenino , Masculino , Uretra/patología , Enfermedades Uretrales/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Uretrales/patología , Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Enfermedades de la Vejiga Urinaria/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de la Vejiga Urinaria/patologíaRESUMEN
The present case report describes three heavy dogs, Caucasian Shepherd breed, with chronic complete traumatic rupture of Achilles tendon, which was repaired with two types of sutures. Surgical treatment involved shortening the Achilles tendon, and using a locking loop suture technique and own suture technique with four buttons. Additionally, positional screw and cast supported the sutures. Twelve months postoperatively no discomfort and lameness were observed on clinical examination. This paper shows that treatment of chronic complete rupture of Achilles tendon with locking loop suture and own suture technique gives good results.