Asunto(s)

COVID-19 , Gripe Humana , Infecciones Neumocócicas , Humanos , Incidencia , Infecciones Neumocócicas/epidemiología , Infecciones Neumocócicas/prevención & control , Salud Pública , SARS-CoV-2 , Singapur/epidemiología

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae infections can lead to severe morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). This study evaluated factors associated with pneumococcal disease, pneumococcal vaccine effectiveness, and risk factors for all-cause mortality in hospitalised adults with pneumococcal disease in Singapore. METHODS: Retrospective case-control study of patients tested for pneumococcal disease with streptococcal urinary antigen testing and at least one sterile site culture, during their admission to a tertiary hospital in Singapore from 2015 to 2017. Patients were defined as cases of IPD or non-IPD, or as controls, based on laboratory results and clinical diagnoses. Multivariable models were constructed to determine factors associated with IPD/non-IPD, and risk factors for mortality from pneumococcal disease. Vaccine effectiveness against IPD/non-IPD was estimated using a variation of the test-negative design. RESULTS: We identified 496 pneumococcal disease cases, of whom 92 (18.5%) had IPD. The mean age of cases was 69.1 ± 15.4 years, and 65.5% were male. Compared with controls (N = 9181), IPD patients were younger (mean age 61.5 ± 16.3 years, vs 72.2 ± 16.1 years in controls; p < 0.001) and with less co-morbidities [median Charlson's score 1 (IQR 0-4), vs 3 (1-5) in controls; p < 0.001]. IPD patients also had the highest proportions with intensive care unit (ICU) admission (20.7%), inpatient mortality (26.1%) and longest median length of stay [9 (IQR 8-17) days]. On multivariable analysis, IPD was negatively associated with prior pneumococcal vaccination (adjusted relative risk ratio = 0.20, 95%CI 0.06-0.69; p = 0.011). Risk factors for mortality among pneumococcal disease patients were ICU admission, diagnosis of IPD, age ≥ 85 years and Charlson's score > 3. CONCLUSION: Patients with pneumococcal disease (especially IPD) were younger and had less co-morbidities than controls, but had higher risk of severe clinical outcomes and mortality. Pneumococcal vaccination effectiveness against IPD was estimated to be about 80%, and should be encouraged among high-risk patients.

Asunto(s)

Hospitalización , Infecciones Neumocócicas/epidemiología , Infecciones Neumocócicas/prevención & control , Vacunas Neumococicas/inmunología , Streptococcus pneumoniae/inmunología , Vacunación , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Morbilidad , Infecciones Neumocócicas/mortalidad , Infecciones Neumocócicas/orina , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Singapur/epidemiología , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Resultado del Tratamiento

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: In early 2020, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged and spread by community and nosocomial transmission. Effective contact tracing of potentially exposed health care workers is crucial for the prevention and control of infectious disease outbreaks in the health care setting. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of contact tracing during the COVID-19 pandemic through the real-time locating system (RTLS) and review of the electronic medical record (EMR) at the designated hospital for COVID-19 response in Singapore. METHODS: Over a 2-day study period, all admitted patients with COVID-19, their ward locations, and the health care workers rostered to each ward were identified to determine the total number of potential contacts between patients with COVID-19 and health care workers. The numbers of staff-patient contacts determined by EMR reviews, RTLS-based contact tracing, and a combination of both methods were evaluated. The use of EMR-based and RTLS-based contact tracing methods was further validated by comparing their sensitivity and specificity against self-reported staff-patient contacts by health care workers. RESULTS: Of 796 potential staff-patient contacts (between 17 patients and 162 staff members), 104 (13.1%) were identified by both the RTLS and EMR, 54 (6.8%) by the RTLS alone, and 99 (12.4%) by the EMR alone; 539 (67.7%) were not identified through either method. Compared to self-reported contacts, EMR reviews had a sensitivity of 47.2% and a specificity of 77.9%, while the RTLS had a sensitivity of 72.2% and a specificity of 87.7%. The highest sensitivity was obtained by including all contacts identified by either the RTLS or the EMR (sensitivity 77.8%, specificity 73.4%). CONCLUSIONS: RTLS-based contact tracing showed higher sensitivity and specificity than EMR review. Integration of both methods provided the best performance for rapid contact tracing, although technical adjustments to the RTLS and increasing user compliance with wearing of RTLS tags remain necessary.

Asunto(s)

Betacoronavirus , Trazado de Contacto , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Personal de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , COVID-19 , Sistemas de Computación , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Registros Electrónicos de Salud , Femenino , Humanos , Pandemias/prevención & control , Neumonía Viral/prevención & control , SARS-CoV-2 , Singapur

Asunto(s)

Infección Hospitalaria/transmisión , Infección Hospitalaria/virología , Mpox/transmisión , Asia/epidemiología , Infección Hospitalaria/prevención & control , Brotes de Enfermedades , Personal de Salud , Humanos , Mpox/epidemiología , Mpox/prevención & control , Nigeria , Equipo de Protección Personal , Singapur/epidemiología

RESUMEN

Understanding the change in intention for influenza vaccine among health-care workers (HCWs) is important to increase influenza vaccination uptake. We aimed to investigate the psychosocial beliefs associated with a change in the intention for influenza vaccine. An anonymous cross-sectional survey was distributed to tertiary hospital HCWs in 2016. Of 3007 HCWs, 70% were compliant (vaccinated, with an intention to revaccinate), 8% were resistant (unvaccinated, without intention to vaccinate), 10% had positive change (unvaccinated, but with intention) and 12% had negative change (vaccinated, but without intention). Across HCW groups, medical staff had both the highest proportion receiving all influenza vaccinations in the last 5 years (101, 28.4%), as well as the highest proportion who had never received vaccination (41, 11.5%). With increasing age, HCWs were less likely to have a negative (p = .02) or positive change (p = .06) in intention, compared to the vaccine-resistant group. HCWs were more likely to be compliant or have a positive change in intention to receive influenza vaccine, if they perceived the vaccine as effective, safe, or had a higher frequency of influenza vaccination in the last 5 years (all with p < .05). HCWs who were medical staff, who believed that side effects of the vaccine were common, or had worked for 6 to 10 years (vs 5 years or less) were less likely to be compliant (all with p < .05). In conclusion, older HCWs were more likely to maintain the status quo in their behavior toward influenza vaccination. Influenza vaccination strategies should place emphasis on vaccine effectiveness and safety.

Asunto(s)

Vacunas contra la Influenza , Gripe Humana , Actitud del Personal de Salud , Estudios Transversales , Personal de Salud , Humanos , Gripe Humana/prevención & control , Intención , Singapur , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Vacunación

RESUMEN

Objectives. To evaluate the effectiveness of point-of-care informational interventions in general practitioner clinics to improve influenza and pneumococcal vaccination uptake among elderly patients.Methods. We conducted a pragmatic, cluster-randomized crossover trial in 22 private general practitioner clinics in Singapore, from November 2017 to July 2018. We included all patients aged 65 years or older. Clinics were assigned to a 3-month intervention (flyers and posters encouraging vaccination) plus 1-month washout period, and a 4-month control period (usual care). Primary outcomes were differences in vaccination uptake rates between periods. Secondary outcomes were identification of other factors associated with vaccination uptake.Results. A total of 4378 and 4459 patients were included in the intervention and control periods, respectively. Both influenza (5.9% vs 4.8%; P = .047) and pneumococcal (5.7% vs 3.7%; P = .001) vaccination uptake rates were higher during the intervention period compared with the control period. On multilevel logistic regression analysis, follow-up for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, or any combination of the 3 was associated with uptake of both vaccines.Conclusions. Point-of-care informational interventions likely contributed to increased influenza and pneumococcal vaccination uptake. Patients on follow-up for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, or any combination of the 3 were more likely to receive influenza and pneumococcal vaccination and should be actively engaged by physicians.Trial Registration. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03445117.

Asunto(s)

Promoción de la Salud/organización & administración , Vacunas contra la Influenza/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Neumococicas/administración & dosificación , Sistemas de Atención de Punto/organización & administración , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios Cruzados , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Hiperlipidemias/epidemiología , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Gripe Humana/prevención & control , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Infecciones Neumocócicas/prevención & control , Singapur , Factores Socioeconómicos

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Seasonal influenza can cause severe illness leading to intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death. OBJECTIVE: To define the clinical and epidemiological features of severe seasonal influenza infection and factors associated with mortality. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review was conducted on all patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza infection who were either admitted into the ICU or died in the two largest tertiary hospitals in Singapore from 2011-2015. RESULTS: Of 520 patients included in our study, 423 (81.3%) had influenza A infection and the rest with influenza B. Of patients with influenza A infection, 70.0% (296/423) were subtyped, of whom 24.0% (71/296) had A/H1N1pdm2009 and 76.0% (225/296) had A/H3N2. The median age of patients was 72 years (IQR 61-82). Males constituted 53.1% (276/520). Median Charlson comorbidity index score was 1 (IQR 0-3). About 70% had physical or radiological evidence of pneumonia upon admission. In-hospital mortality was 58.1% (302/520). On multiple logistic regression analysis, factors positively associated with mortality were age ≥65 years (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 3.64, 95%CI 2.21-5.99, p < 0.001), malignancy (aOR = 2.53, 95%CI 1.12-5.73; p = 0.026), and hypoalbuminemia (aOR = 2.16, 95%CI 1.26-3.73; p = 0.005), while antiviral therapy (aOR = 0.33, 95%CI 0.17-0.63; p < 0.001) and ventilation (aOR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.13-0.39; p < 0.001) were negatively associated. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with severe seasonal influenza infection were characterized by advanced age, hypoalbuminemia and presence of pneumonia on admission. Age ≥65 years, malignancy, and hypoalbuminemia were associated with increased mortality, and antiviral therapy and ventilation with decreased mortality.

Asunto(s)

Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Virus de la Influenza B/aislamiento & purificación , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Gripe Humana/mortalidad , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mortalidad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estaciones del Año , Singapur , Centros de Atención Terciaria

RESUMEN

Given increasing antimicrobial resistance, we aimed to determine antibiotic susceptibility and presence of resistance genes in uropathogens in primary care, factors associated with resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics, and effect of treatment on early symptom resolution. We conducted a prospective study of primary care patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) symptoms and culture-confirmed UTI in Singapore from 2015 to 2016. Cohort characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility of cultured isolates were analyzed. Among Enterobacteriaceae isolates, early symptom resolution (within 3 days) according to antibiotic prescribed and isolate susceptibility and factors associated with antibiotic resistance were evaluated. Of 695 symptomatic patients, 299 were urine culture positive; of these 299 patients, 259 (87%) were female. Escherichia coli was the most common uropathogen (76%). Enterobacteriaceae isolates (n = 283) were highly susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate (86%), nitrofurantoin (87%), and fosfomycin (98%), but >20% were resistant to ciprofloxacin and co-trimoxazole. Isolates resistant to appropriate indicator antibiotics were further tested to determine proportions positive for blaCTX-M (14/26, 54%), plasmid-mediated ampC (12/24, 50%), qnr (7/69, 10%), and fos (1/6, 17%) resistance genes. A total of 67% of patients given antibiotics with susceptible isolates reported early resolution versus 45% given antibiotics with nonsusceptible isolates (P = 0.001) and 27% not treated (P = 0.018). On multivariable analysis, Indian ethnicity and diabetes mellitus were associated with amoxicillin-clavulanate resistance. Genitourinary abnormalities, UTI in the past 12 months, and hospitalization in the past 6 months were associated with ciprofloxacin and co-trimoxazole resistance. Patients given active empirical antibiotics were most likely to report early symptom resolution, but correlation with in vitro susceptibility was imperfect. Factors associated with resistance may guide the decision to obtain initial urine culture.

Asunto(s)

Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/tratamiento farmacológico , Enterobacteriaceae/efectos de los fármacos , Enterobacteriaceae/genética , Genes Bacterianos , Infecciones Urinarias/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Enterobacteriaceae/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Persona de Mediana Edad , Atención Primaria de Salud , Estudios Prospectivos , Singapur , Resultado del Tratamiento , Infecciones Urinarias/microbiología , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the factors influencing seasonal influenza vaccination uptake among different health care professional groups. METHODS: A single-center, cross-sectional survey using a standardized anonymous, self-administered questionnaire to assess knowledge, attitudes, and uptake of seasonal influenza vaccination was used. Associations between respective health care groups and vaccination acceptance were then assessed. RESULTS: In total, 3,873 health care workers completed the questionnaire. Of these, 7% were administrative staff, 17% were allied health staff, 7% were ancillary staff, 11% were medical staff, and 58% were nursing staff. The overall vaccination rate for the Southern Hemisphere 2015 influenza season was 82%. In a multivariate logistic regression model, after controlling for gender and presence of chronic disease, associated factors for accepting influenza vaccination were age, education level of bachelor degree or higher, preference for vaccination provided by mobile teams, having 1-50 patient contacts per week, and belief in the potential severity of influenza and vaccine safety (P < .05). In contrast, factors negatively associated with vaccination acceptance included being a medical staff member or allied health staff member, living with family members under the age of 16, fear of adverse reactions, and disbelief in vaccination effectiveness (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Although vaccine coverage in Singapore has been high, our findings provide guidance for the development of strategies to further improve vaccine coverage among different groups of health care workers.

Asunto(s)

Personal de Salud , Vacunas contra la Influenza/administración & dosificación , Gripe Humana/prevención & control , Cobertura de Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Singapur , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Women with urinary tract infections (UTIs) often present with urinary complaints such as frequency of micturition, dysuria, foul-smelling urine and other non-specific symptoms like fever. Physicians may order urine microscopy to guide empirical antibiotic prescription. However, the performance of this approach has not been assessed. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the accuracy of UTI symptoms and urine microscopy associated with culture-positive UTI in Asian women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of adult women who presented with UTI-related symptoms was conducted at three public primary care clinics in Singapore. Demographic data and information on their symptoms were collected, followed by urine microscopy and culture to diagnose UTI. The sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV), negative predictive values (NPV), accuracy (ACC) and area under curve (AUC) of combinations of symptom and urine investigations were analysed in association with culture-positive UTI, which was regarded as a benchmark. RESULTS: Data on 564 women (73.9% Chinese, 11.5% Malay, 8.2% Indian) were analysed, of which 259 (45.9%) had culture-positive UTI. Frequency and foul-smelling urine, pyuria (WBC ≥10/hpf) and semi-quantitative bacterial count (≥2+) were significantly associated with positive urine culture. The ACC and AUC for single or multiple urinary and/or general symptoms were low. Urine pyuria (minimally >10/hpf) alone or in combination with symptoms and/or semi-quantitative bacterial count achieved high sensitivity (>85%) and PPV, NPV, ACC and AUC of >70%. CONCLUSION: Urinary symptoms have limited accuracy in diagnosing culture-positive UTI. Concurrent urine microscopy showing presence of pyuria and/or bacterial count increased the diagnostic accuracy of culture-positive UTI.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Pueblo Asiatico/estadística & datos numéricos , Microscopía , Urinálisis , Infecciones Urinarias/diagnóstico , Infecciones Urinarias/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Disuria/diagnóstico , Disuria/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Fiebre/etiología , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Atención Primaria de Salud , Singapur

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The first autochthonous Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in Singapore was detected in August 2016. We report an analysis of the correlation of clinical illness with viremia and laboratory parameters in this Asian cohort. METHODS: We conducted a prospective longitudinal cohort study of patients with a positive blood ZIKV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result who were admitted to Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, for isolation and management. RESULTS: We included 40 patients in our study. Rash was present in all patients, while 80% (32/40) had fever, 62.5% (25/40) myalgia, 60% (24/40) conjunctivitis and 38% (15/40) arthralgia. The median duration of viremia was 3.5 days (IQR: 3-5 days). Patients with viremia of ≥4 days were more likely to have prolonged fever compared to those with viremia of less than 4 days (95% versus 63%, p = 0.01), but had no significant correlation with other clinical signs and symptoms, or laboratory investigations. However, 21 patients (53%) had hypokalemia despite the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms. CONCLUSION: Although fever correlated with duration of viremia, 30% of patients remained viremic despite defervescence. Laboratory abnormalities such as leukopenia or thrombocytopenia were not prominent in this cohort but about half the patients were noted to have hypokalemia.

Asunto(s)

Brotes de Enfermedades , Viremia/virología , Infección por el Virus Zika/fisiopatología , Infección por el Virus Zika/virología , Adulto , Estudios de Cohortes , Exantema , Femenino , Fiebre , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Estudios Prospectivos , Singapur/epidemiología , Virus Zika , Infección por el Virus Zika/sangre

RESUMEN

Dengue virus and Zika virus coexist in tropical regions in Asia where healthcare resources are limited; differentiating the 2 viruses is challenging. We showed in a case-control discovery cohort, and replicated in a validation cohort, that the diagnostic indices of conjunctivitis, platelet count, and monocyte count reliably distinguished between these viruses.

Asunto(s)

Dengue/diagnóstico , Infección por el Virus Zika/diagnóstico , Adulto , Aedes/virología , Anciano , Animales , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios de Cohortes , Conjuntivitis Viral/diagnóstico , Conjuntivitis Viral/fisiopatología , Conjuntivitis Viral/virología , Dengue/fisiopatología , Dengue/transmisión , Dengue/virología , Virus del Dengue , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Fiebre/diagnóstico , Fiebre/fisiopatología , Fiebre/virología , Humanos , Recuento de Leucocitos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mosquitos Vectores/virología , Mialgia/diagnóstico , Mialgia/fisiopatología , Mialgia/virología , Recuento de Plaquetas , Curva ROC , Singapur , Virus Zika , Infección por el Virus Zika/fisiopatología , Infección por el Virus Zika/transmisión , Infección por el Virus Zika/virología

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: An outbreak of gastroenteritis (GE) occurred in community-dwelling adults in the Central Region of urban Singapore, in May 2016. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the cause of the outbreak. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a case-cohort study on GE patients linked to the outbreak who presented to the emergency department of a tertiary-care hospital near the outbreak area, from 18 May to 11 June 2016. Stools were tested for gastrointestinal pathogens including rotavirus antigen and positive rotavirus samples were subject to genotyping. RESULTS: A total of 57 adult GE patients, with a median age of 40 (range 18 to 84) years, were included. Predominant symptoms were diarrhoea (98.2%), vomiting (64.9%), and abdominal discomfort (38.6%). Age 65 years and above (Adjusted OR 21.78, 95% CI 1.49-318.84; P = 0.02) was the only predictor of admission, after adjusting for comorbidities and clinical severity. Molecular microbiological investigations confirmed that the outbreak was caused by a novel human-bovine reassortant strain of rotavirus G8P[8] with DS-1-like backbone. Exposure to the market in the outbreak area was strongly associated with rotavirus infection (OR 46.14; 95% CI 43.04-49.25, P < 0.01). No particular food item could be identified as the outbreak cause. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of an outbreak of rotavirus G8P[8] in adults in an urban community that is not waterborne. Transmission was likely through fomites in the market and its surrounding areas, via consumption or contact with contaminated food items purchased from the market, and from person-to-person. The potential for novel G8P[8] strains to cause outbreaks cannot be overemphasized.

Asunto(s)

Brotes de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/transmisión , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Animales , Bovinos/virología , Estudios de Cohortes , Heces/virología , Femenino , Fómites/virología , Gastroenteritis/virología , Genotipo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Filogenia , Virus Reordenados/genética , Rotavirus/genética , Rotavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Singapur/epidemiología , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Población Urbana , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

In 2015, an epidemic of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) serotype III sequence type 283 (ST283) disease was reported in Singapore, associated with consumption of raw freshwater fish. In this study, we further characterise the characteristics of bone and joint infections associated with ST283 GBS in adults and the differences between ST283 and non-ST283 manifestations. A retrospective study of 54 inpatients with invasive GBS disease involving bones and/or joints from 2010 to 2015 was performed. Archived isolates were identified as GBS serotype III and ST283 positive using PCR methods. Clinical data were collected from a review of clinical charts. Twenty-three cases were ST283 and 31 were non-ST283. ST283 GBS patients were more likely to be of Chinese ethnicity, have lower Charlson comorbidity scores, and have fewer overall comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus with end-organ damage, peripheral vascular disease, and previous stroke, compared to non-ST283 GBS patients. ST283 patients had more oligoarthritis, with greater involvement of the knee, shoulder, and vertebrae, compared to monoarticular joint involvement in non-ST283 patients. Six patients had a unique combination of knee and shoulder joint involvement. All ST283 cases were mono-microbial, compared to a significant proportion of polymicrobial cultures in non-ST283 patients. Non-ST283 patients had a significantly longer length of stay and were more likely to undergo amputation or wound debridement. This study adds to growing evidence of a distinct clinical presentation associated with ST283 GBS, involving predominantly healthier patients without significant comorbidities, and with distinct clinical manifestations with regard to bone and joint disease.

Asunto(s)

Artritis Infecciosa/patología , Huesos/microbiología , Articulaciones/microbiología , Osteomielitis/patología , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/patología , Streptococcus agalactiae/aislamiento & purificación , Anciano , Artritis Infecciosa/microbiología , Epidemias , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Osteomielitis/microbiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Singapur , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/microbiología

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades Transmisibles/terapia , Manejo de la Enfermedad , Educación Médica Continua/métodos , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Médicos de Atención Primaria/educación , Pautas de la Práctica en Medicina/estadística & datos numéricos , Antibacterianos , Educación Médica Continua/normas , Humanos , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud , Singapur

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers (HCWs) may be the inadvertent interface between the healthcare setting and the community for infectious diseases transmission. AIM: To investigate HCWs' contacts during a work day and compare these against working adults from the general population. METHODS: Prospective survey of contacts through 24 h self-reported diary in three public sector tertiary care hospitals and community-based working adults in Singapore. Participants were HCWs and working adults from the community. FINDINGS: In all, 211 HCWs and 1028 working adults reported a total of 4066 and 9206 contacts. HCWs reported more work-related contacts than community-based working adults (median of 13 versus 4), and more contacts that were neither household nor work-related (1 versus 0) but fewer household contacts (2 versus 3). HCWs reported more work-related contacts involving physical contacts, and more new contacts particularly with short duration (≤15 min) compared to community-based working adults. Among different HCW types, doctors reported the highest whereas ward-based nurses reported the lowest total work-related contacts. Around half of ward-based and clinic-based nurses' contacts involved physical touch. Work-related contacts reported by clinic-based nurses, doctors, and assorted HCWs were shorter than in ward-based nurses, with a substantial number effectively occurring with new contacts. Institutional effects significant on univariate analyses were much reduced and non-significant after adjusting for confounding by HCW type. CONCLUSION: HCWs' contacts differ substantially from those of community-based working adults. HCWs may thus be at higher risk of acquiring and spreading contact-transmissible and respiratory infections due to the nature of their work. Whereas total number of contacts was fairly similar between HCW types, the characteristics of their contacts differed substantively.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades Transmisibles/transmisión , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/epidemiología , Infección Hospitalaria/transmisión , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Personal de Salud , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Singapur/epidemiología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

Singapore experienced its first documented Zika virus outbreak in 2016. We identified clinical and laboratory parameters that increase the probability for Zika or dengue virus infection. Early during the illness, combinations of key parameters obtained through clinical assessment and hematologic tests can help distinguish between these infections.

Asunto(s)

Virus del Dengue/genética , Dengue/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Infección por el Virus Zika/epidemiología , Virus Zika/genética , Adulto , Animales , Antígenos Virales/sangre , Dengue/diagnóstico , Dengue/inmunología , Dengue/fisiopatología , Virus del Dengue/inmunología , Virus del Dengue/aislamiento & purificación , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Exantema/fisiopatología , Femenino , Fiebre/fisiopatología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , ARN Viral/sangre , Singapur/epidemiología , Virus Zika/inmunología , Virus Zika/aislamiento & purificación , Infección por el Virus Zika/diagnóstico , Infección por el Virus Zika/inmunología , Infección por el Virus Zika/fisiopatología

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Adult influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates in Singapore are low, and factors influencing knowledge and attitudes of seniors towards influenza, pneumonia and their respective vaccines are not well-known. Our study aims to understand the barriers and facilitators towards getting influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations among seniors in Singapore, and subsequently inform the conduct of a relevant community-based educational intervention, as well as evaluate the intervention outcomes. METHODS: We performed a mixed methods study with two components: Firstly, formative research was conducted among community-dwelling seniors, using focus group discussions (FGDs), to understand their knowledge and attitudes towards influenza, pneumonia and their respective vaccines. Next, a quantitative study was conducted to evaluate knowledge of seniors and the effectiveness of an educational intervention. RESULTS: Four FGDs were organised with 32 participants, who were predominantly female, of lower educational background, and residing in government rental flats. Participants had varying levels of knowledge and many misconceptions about influenza, pneumonia and their respective vaccinations, with concerns about side effects and vaccine effectiveness. The formative research results were used to inform a community-based educational intervention for seniors. Our subsequent evaluation included 604 elderly participants, mainly from lower educational and socio-economic strata, who initially demonstrated poor knowledge scores (median score 5 out of 9, IQR 4-5). Following our intervention, median knowledge score improved to 7 (IQR 6-8) (p < .0001). Significant improvements in knowledge scores were observed across genders, age strata, education levels, and housing types. DISCUSSION: Our formative research identified knowledge gaps among community-dwelling seniors which affected their attitudes towards vaccination uptake. Key findings were taken into consideration when implementing the educational intervention. Our community-based intervention was effective in improving knowledge and attitudes, and could be used as a cue to action for short-term behaviour changes.

Asunto(s)

Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Vacunas contra la Influenza/inmunología , Gripe Humana/prevención & control , Infecciones Neumocócicas/prevención & control , Vacunas Neumococicas/inmunología , Vacunación/psicología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Educación en Salud/métodos , Humanos , Vacunas contra la Influenza/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vacunas Neumococicas/administración & dosificación , Singapur , Cobertura de Vacunación

Asunto(s)

Coinfección , Virus del Dengue , Dengue , Humanos , Singapur , Virus Zika , Infección por el Virus Zika

RESUMEN

We evaluated performance of 5 case definitions for Zika virus disease surveillance in a human cohort during an outbreak in Singapore, August 26-September 5, 2016. Because laboratory tests are largely inaccessible, use of case definitions that include rash as a required clinical feature are useful in identifying this disease.

Asunto(s)

Vigilancia de la Población , Infección por el Virus Zika/diagnóstico , Infección por el Virus Zika/patología , Adulto , Brotes de Enfermedades , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Singapur/epidemiología , Adulto Joven , Infección por el Virus Zika/epidemiología