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Presenting clicks according to maximum length sequences (MLSs) enables transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) to be recorded at very high stimulation rates. Despite a decrease in TEOAE amplitude, the very large number of responses obtainable at high rates means that both signal to noise ratio (SNR) and detection sensitivity increase as the click rate increases. This study characterises conventional and MLS TEOAEs near threshold for a group of normally hearing adults. Stimulus presentation rates of 40 clicks/s (conventional) and 5000 clicks/s (MLS) were used. Compared to conventional recordings, the MLS technique enabled smaller responses to be detected, when averaged for the same time and to the same SNR. TEOAE amplitude recorded at detection threshold for MLS responses was 13 dB lower than that recorded conventionally. For each individual, MLS recording also produced clear, repeatable responses at stimulus levels below the detection threshold for conventional TEOAEs. The click level at TEOAE threshold was 12 dB lower for MLS compared to conventional emissions. These results suggest that TEOAE thresholds are not absolute but strongly related to the detection sensitivity of the recording system and physiological noise. The initial growth rates and the shape of input/output functions were found to be similar for the two recording techniques.

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Conductive hearing loss, produced by otitis media with effusion, is widespread in young children. However, little is known about its short- or long-term effects on hearing or the brain. To study the consequences of a conductive loss for the perception and processing of sounds, we plugged the left ear canal of ferrets for 7-15 months during either infancy or adulthood. Before or during plugging, the ferrets were trained to perform a binaural task requiring the detection of a 500 Hz tone, positioned 90 degrees to the right, that was masked by two sources of broad-band noise. In one condition ("control"), both noise sources were 90 degrees right and, in the second condition ("bilateral"), one noise source was moved to 90 degrees left. Normal ferrets showed binaural unmasking: tone detection thresholds were lower (mean 10.1 dB) for the bilateral condition than for the control condition. Both groups of ear-plugged ferrets had reduced unmasking; the mean residual unmasking was 2.3 dB for the infant and 0.7 dB for the adult ear-plugged animals. After unplugging, unmasking increased in both groups (infant, 7.1 dB; adult, 6.9 dB) but not to normal levels. Repeated testing during the 22 months after unplugging revealed a gradual return to normal levels of unmasking. These results show that a unilateral conductive hearing loss, in either infancy or adulthood, impairs binaural hearing both during and after the hearing loss. They show scant evidence for adaptation to the plug and demonstrate a recovery from the impairment that occurs over a period of several months after restoration of normal peripheral function.

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Presenting clicks according to maximum length sequences (MLS) enables transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) to be recorded at very high stimulation rates. As the click rate is increased from 40 clicks/s up to a maximum rate of 5000 clicks/s there is a reduction in TEOAE amplitude that reaches an approximate asymptote at 1500 clicks/s. One hypothesis put forward to explain this MLS 'rate effect' is that ipsilateral efferent activity is involved. To test this hypothesis TEOAEs were recorded from both ears of five patients who had undergone a unilateral vestibular nerve section--a surgical procedure which also entails sectioning the olivocochlear bundle. TEOAEs were recorded conventionally at 40 clicks/s and using MLS stimulation at 5000 clicks/s. Increasing the rate from 40 to 5000 clicks/s was found to reduce the amplitude of the TEOAEs by equivalent amounts in ears ipsilateral and contralateral to a vestibular nerve section as well as in the ears of normal-hearing adults. Since an ear ipsilateral to a vestibular nerve section should have no efferent innervation the hypothesis that efferent activity is the major mechanism involved in the MLS rate effect is rejected. Instead, the possibility that intracochlear processes are the underlying mechanism will now be investigated.

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OBJECTIVE: The recently developed technique of recording transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) using clicks presented according to maximum length sequences (MLSs) enables very high stimulation rates to be used. The aim of this study was to provide normative data on the relationship between TEOAEs recorded conventionally (at 40 clicks/sec) and those recorded using the MLS technique (at 11 maximum rates between 100 and 5000 clicks/sec) to establish a baseline for future clinical studies. DESIGN: TEOAEs were recorded at 12 rates from 12 normally hearing adult ears at click levels decreasing in 5 dB steps from 68 dB peSPL. RESULTS: The morphology of the waveforms and the pattern of the input/output functions with latency were similar for conventional and MLS TEOAEs. The only major difference between TEOAEs recorded at the different rates was in their absolute amplitude. As the click rate was increased from 40 clicks/sec there was a reduction in amplitude that reached a near asymptote at approximately 1500 clicks/sec. When expressed as a percentage reduction in amplitude compared with that recorded at 40 clicks/sec, this MLS "rate effect" was independent of stimulus level over all but the lowest test level (38 dB peSPL SPL). CONCLUSION: Over a wide range of amplitudes of conventionally recorded TEOAEs (21 to 450 microPa for the 9 to 13 msec section of the otoacoustic emission), the mechanism involved in the MLS rate effect seems to act in a way that reduces the amplitude by an almost constant proportion, whatever its original size.

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Free-field detection by normal and monaural ferrets of a 500-Hz tone presented over 1 laterally placed loudspeaker and partially masked by narrow-band noise from 2 sources was studied at 2 angular separations of the noise sources (0 degree and 180 degrees). Monaural listening was achieved either by plugging 1 ear canal or removing 1 cochlea. Normal ferrets showed an improvement in detectability of the tone when there was a 180 degrees separation between the noise sources. This unmasking of the tone was abolished in both groups of monaural ferrets, suggesting that the unmasking was due to binaural processing. The development of an animal model demonstrating free-field binaural unmasking, in a species other than humans, will allow investigation into the functional consequences of experimental hearing loss.

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The development of the ferret auditory system was examined using the auditory brainstem response (ABR). Longitudinal recordings were obtained under short-acting anaesthesia from individual animals at 4-h or 24-h intervals. Particular attention was focused on the period from postnatal day (P) 26 to P32 when the ferret auditory system becomes functional. ABR thresholds to click stimuli presented in a free-field were found to decline precipitously within a 4-h period during the first 24 h following initial responsiveness. Latencies of waves I and IV of the ABR also declined significantly during this period, but the 'central conduction time' remained stable. A temporal correlation was observed between the time of the precipitous threshold decline and the time of opening of the external ear canal. No changes in cochlear anatomy were observed during this time. We suggest that the opening of the ear canal and/or the clearance of fluid from the middle ear explain the major change in threshold of hearing following onset of function.

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A 47-year-old woman with a diagnosis of myelogenous leukemia presented with poor vision secondary to bilateral exudative retinal detachments. Chemotherapy improved her leukemia status and her vision improved but her retinal pigment epithelium became diffusely mottled and irregular, presumably because of a toxic effect from the exudative subretinal fluid. Clinical and fluorescein findings are presented.

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Rabbit corneas were treated with three drops of phenylephrine hydrochloride with the epithelium intact or denuded. Corneal thickness was measured before and after drug treatment, and at various times after treatment the corneas were fixed for scanning and transmission electron microscopic observation. The results of this study show that phenylephrine caused a dramatic increase in corneal thickness (drug-induced edema) and cellular vacuolation within the keratocytes and endothelial cells in the corneas without the epithelium. Corneal thickness did not change and the ultrastructural changes were minimal following drug application in those corneas with the epithelium intact. Results of this study also suggest that phenylephrine has a cytotoxic effect on the corneal endothelium and keratocytes when used in corneas where the epithelium has been removed. In coreas with intact epithelium, the damage was less severe and limited to the epithelium.

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